tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88868384729417833162024-03-13T12:32:40.609-07:00Scholarship essay writing serviceTopic Sentence For Mlk Essaysylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.comBlogger62125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-81015744814974513832020-08-23T01:49:00.001-07:002020-08-23T01:49:09.540-07:00Drama Paper on Trifles â⬠Susan Glaspell Essay sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-6007804538857731252020-08-21T23:31:00.001-07:002020-08-21T23:31:08.456-07:00Insect Behavior, Communication and LearningCreepy crawly Behavior, Communication and Learning Most creepy crawly conduct is hereditarily modified, or intrinsic. A caterpillar with no related knowledge or guidance can at present turn a luxurious case. In any case, can a creepy crawly change its conduct because of its encounters? As it were, would insects be able to learn? Creepy crawlies Use Memories to Change Their Behavior You wont see one moving on from Harvard at any point in the near future, yet to be sure, most bugs can learn. Keen bugs will change their practices to mirror their relationship with and recollections of ecological upgrades. For the straightforward creepy crawly sensory system, figuring out how to overlook tedious and unimportant improvements is a genuinely simple errand. Blow air on a cockroachs backside, and it will escape. On the off chance that you keep on blowing air on the cockroach again and again, it will in the long run presume that the unexpected breeze is no reason for concern, and wait. This learning, called habituation, assists creepy crawlies with sparing vitality via preparing them to overlook what is innocuous. Something else, the poor cockroach would invest all its energy fleeing from the breeze. Creepy crawlies Learn From Their Earliest Experiences Engraving happens during a concise time of affectability to specific boosts. Youve likely heard accounts of infant ducks falling in line behind a human guardian, or of settling ocean turtles that arrival to the sea shore where they brought forth years sooner. A few bugs likewise get familiar with along these lines. After rising up out of their pupal cases, ants see and hold the aroma of their province. Different bugs engrave on their first food plant, demonstrating an away from for that plant for the rest of their lives. Creepy crawlies Can Be Trainedâ Like Pavlovs hounds, creepy crawlies can likewise learn through old style molding. A creepy crawly presented over and over to two inconsequential improvements will before long partner one with the other. Wasps can be given food remunerates each time they recognize a specific aroma. When a wasp partners food with the smell, it will keep on heading off to that fragrance. A few researchers accept prepared wasps may supplant bomb and medication sniffing hounds sooner rather than later. Bumble bees Memorize Flight Routes and Communicate with Dance Routines A bumble bee exhibits its capacity to gain proficiency with each time it leaves its state to scavenge. The honey bee must retain examples of tourist spots inside its condition to control it back to the settlement. Regularly, she is adhering to the directions of a kindred laborer, as instructed to her through the waggle move. This remembrance of subtleties and occasions is a type of inactive learning. sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-88953976055891919012020-07-12T21:08:00.001-07:002020-07-12T21:08:03.016-07:00Overcoming Reading Perfectionism with I MISS YOU WHEN I BLINKOvercoming Reading Perfectionism with I MISS YOU WHEN I BLINK For most of my life, I considered reading a necessity, something that was essential for a life of learning and balance. While most of this was probably attributed to being in school and having at least some required reading on my plate, there was also the underlying belief that reading was more than just a hobby or a leisure activity but was in fact something I was mandated to do, even if it wasnât for an assignment. Donât get me wrong, I love to read. From tearing through the Harry Potter series as a kid to recently finding Mary Laura Philpottâs I Miss You When I Blink, Iâve been lucky enough to have a good, comfortable relationship with reading for most of my life. Add to that my job as a librarian, which does ensure that I have at least some ârequired reading,â and I have the foundation for incorporating regular reading into my life. Reading was something I viewed in the same category as working out or eating healthy: enjoyable, but also ultimately required for a good life. I prided myself on the books I read and strove to check titles off my TBR list, setting goals for myself per month and per year to ensure that I was accountable. In her book, Philpott discusses her tendency to seek validation and assurance that sheâs doing a good job, a habit I now recognize in myself after working my way through her wonderful book of essays. At the time I read her book, I was deep into a new school year at work as well as taking a full load at graduate school and planning my wedding. I certainly had plenty of things to do with my time, and reading had gotten shoved aside for what I thought were more important tasks. Being a student and librarian meant that, thankfully, reading would never vanish fully from my life, since itâs such an integral part of my work. However, it also meant that I felt guilty for any books I read where I couldnât immediately see the purpose of doing so. Reading Philpottâs reflections on happiness, productivity, and perfectionism taught me some fundamental things about myself, but most of all it was her writing about how we can âmissâ past or possible versions of ourselves that stuck with me. Reading had been so core to who I was for so long that I took for granted the ways in which it forced me to slow down and self-reflect. Somewhere along the way of following too many Bookstagrams and putting too many holds in at the library, I realized I had not only lost what made reading essential to me, but had lost touch with myself as well. It sounds overly dramatic, and it probably is, but when you go through life thinking that you enjoy something and are good at it, it can be hard to find yourself feeling disconnected from what once brought you joy. Throughout my life, reading has given me a way to imagine, empathize, and journey to another place. When I let it move from that to an obligation, I lost some of the relaxing and transformative aspects that had made reading so important to me in the first place. What Philpottâs writing started me on the path to seeing was that itâs possible to miss yourself and to feel separated from something you once enjoyed without even realizing whatâs missing. Giving myself permission to read in unscripted ways opened up the possibility of finding joy in books again and helped me reconnect with a part of myself I thought I had lost. Reading once again became an avenue for exploration and relaxation and Iâm happy to say that Iâm back to recognizing my reading self once again. sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-14643546311473666302020-05-20T05:38:00.001-07:002020-05-20T05:38:11.953-07:00The Modern Day Political Culture - 1508 Words Examining the modern-day political culture of where our society is at and where it is heading is something that people have struggled with in past history. Take for example the Germans of the early to mid-twentieth century, it is here where the people cannot see the full context of what is happening in the world and how they were impacting it. Think of the Romans that were born at the beginning of the fifth century, they would have no idea that the mighty Roman Empire would cease to exist within one hundred years. This happens because we cannot predict the events of the near future. However, by taking a step back and unbiasedly analyzing what is happening in the here and now, we can get a better look at what our society is and where itâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Many of the problems that Marx diagnosed in his time are still prevalent today in America. One of these broad problems is the gap between the bourgeoise and the proletariat. Though the economic climate of todayââ¬â¢s Am erica and yesterdayââ¬â¢s Russia are completely different, both share similarities. One of these is seeing the emergence of an elite, ruling class amongst the masses of everyday commoners. Marx sought to end the struggle of the common man by leveling the playing field amongst the entire population. This is needed because we see the elite class working together to keep themselves elevated above the common people. These interactions amongst the elitists occur across political platforms. For example, recently the Senate passed a resolution that gives telecommunication companies the right to sell your browsing history. In a government of the people, by the people, and for the people, it doesnââ¬â¢t make sense why such a bill would be passed. In what ways does this benefit the common good of the common man? This bill shows a great violation of Millââ¬â¢s policy of utilitarianism. This bill was passed to benefit the senators, who received money from the telecommunication companie s, and to benefit these companies who will profit off of the publicââ¬â¢s browsing histories. If we compare the fifty senators who received financial support and the telecommunication companies to everybody else who is having their browsing data neutralized, we can see howShow MoreRelatedThe Mongolian Empire1112 Words à |à 5 PagesWhy: Showed the warrior emphasis in East Africa How: Political: Allowed mobilizing of young men for military use Social: Was a sort of Social System Cultrual: Was only applied to men, patriarchy 3. Chinggis Khan Who: Founder of the Mongol Empire What: He was a ruthless leader who conquered a lot of territory When: 1206-1227 Where: His empire spread from Asia to East Africa Why: Influenced the spread of the plague and increased trade. How: Political: He conquered many people and made a large empire Economical:Read MoreA Critical Analysis of Liguistic Imperialism Essay628 Words à |à 3 Pagesaffect operations in political and econmical relations? Summary The article claims that English is essential to the globalization processes for economic and political restructuring, but there isnââ¬â¢t a fair chance for everyone to have the opportunity to master the English language. The dominance of English is in various forms of globalization, such as the military operation, and in Hollywood culture. Phillipson acknowledges that the English imperialism is present in modern-day global society, becauseRead MoreChinese vs Greeks when It Comes to Influence708 Words à |à 3 Pages The culture that had the most impact on the modern world varies on opinion from scholar to scholar. Most can agree however; that the Chinese and the Greeks had the most influence. Emphasis should be placed on how Greek culture has spread farther and affected the world in ways the Chinese was unable to. We can see most roots of modern Western culture lying within the Ancient Greek. Ancient Greece had a very large impact on todaysââ¬â¢ modern world. 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(2) Ancient Greece is called ââ¬Å"the birthplace of Western Civilization,â⬠many western ideas on philosophy, government and art are f rom Greek civilization. The Greeks were fearless warriors, their culture and society were civilizedRead MoreHow Corporate Greed Is Uniquely A Part Of A Public Administration970 Words à |à 4 Pagesencompassing and goes hand in hand with organizational management studies. I do have an interest as well in local government. I grew up in a terrific, but non-political family and now that I am older, I realize that becoming more knowledgeable of the political world that surrounds me makes me happy. My lack of understanding of the political and governmental environment was a void I wished to fill. APUS is helping me with that. Additionally, I enjoy research and writing. The APUS public administrationRead MoreAfrican culture1286 Words à |à 6 Pages Essay 1 Pan Africanism/ Global Connections An approach to African studies will be summarized within this essay. 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I commend the decision to cancel the re-enactment of the Battle because of theRead MoreUnderstanding The Birth Of The Renaissance996 Words à |à 4 Pagesquality of a straight razor shave is superior to that of a commercially stamped multi bladed razor. Looking retroactively at the years leading up to this rebirth one can note the beginning of reflection the Ancient World and the ins-and-outs of Roman culture. Influencing architecture, art, and social construction, a desire for the classics pulled Europe from the slumping years of the fading High Middle Ages. Actively bringing back Roman and Gothic elements of architecture including: Domes, support methodsRead MoreUnderstanding And Appreciation Of Wolf s Ontological Premises930 Words à |à 4 PagesSamir Amin and A. G. Frank. I am in a complete agreement with Wolf (and all other scholars) here. Most of the problems of the modern day world emanate from these misconceived notions - USA, Middle East, European culture, East, West, First World, Third World. In my opinion, Wolfââ¬â¢s argument is justified when he says that the notions like these ââ¬Ëturn names into things,ââ¬â¢ and modern human societies have taken these ââ¬Ëthingsââ¬â¢ for real. These historically flawed concepts have become so robust (and real) that sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-86562447086110867072020-05-06T23:04:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:04:34.768-07:00Techfiteââ¬â¢S Organizational Ethics And Social Responsibilities. Techfiteââ¬â¢s Organizational Ethics and Social Responsibilities A. Create three (3) corporate policies that reflect the organizationââ¬â¢s culture and ethical viewpoints. â⬠¢ (Flexible Work Schedule Policy) (Flextime) Techfite will permit supervisors within reason to adjust current start and leave times of the workplace and is line with our culture of workplace collaboration. â⬠¢ (Community Involvement Policy) Techfite will give managers an option to permit employees to take time out of the workday to be involved in community activities in the certainty of all business needs to be fulfilled. â⬠¢ (Diversity in the Workplace Policy) and the institution of this policy will aid with issues such as addressing cultural differences, adapting to change,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In addition to schools, other non-profit charitable organizations will benefit from Techfiteââ¬â¢s corporate and employeeââ¬â¢s community involvement and address prior commitments we made to Dellburgââ¬â¢s city council. The Diversity in the Workplace Policy will immediately address concerns between the United States and United Kingdom about hours and benefits as well as legal and cultural differences between the two. Consequently, by taking prompt action to diversify the workplace, Techfite will show their culture to gain acceptance between respective parties. Moreover, Techfiteââ¬â¢s culture known for developing leadership and introduction of said policy could show the corporation s commitment to promoting diversity in not only current leadership but by displaying diversity in the development of future leadership which is in tune with Techfiteââ¬â¢s culture of leadership development. Moreover, by diversifying the workplace, it shows employees that there is an openness within our organization that encourages our culture of workplace collaboration by encouraging them to express ideas and opinions with equal value to all. A. (2.) Analyze the ethical issues at stake in the scenario and distinguish from legal matters. The difference between ethical and legal issues conceive from the difference or separation between internal areas of ethics and law. Ethical issues are standards driven by the morality of what should or should not be done; sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-63881847691082284372020-05-06T07:27:00.001-07:002020-05-06T07:27:11.364-07:00Complex Documents for Moorland Sport and Leisure - myassignmenthelp Question: Discuss about theComplex Documents for Moorland Sport and Leisure. Answer: Introduction: Moorland Sport and Leisure centre as an emerging organization has great prospect in future, provided the organization is able to implement the required strategies, after taking into serious consideration, the issues the organization is currently encountering. Various sport and leisure organizations have been sprawling up in different corners of Australia, and hence it has become imperative to take up the necessary steps to help Moorland Sport and Leisure centre, become a distinguished centre. Here, the report intends to analyze and critically evaluate the strategies that are being proposed in the draft (Theodorakis et al. 2014). Discussion: It has been found out that the organization has not been able to attract a huge number of consumers and due to space scarcity, the organization, is unable to accommodate a huge crowd during the peak hours. The lack of management and an integrated approach to administration has been traced as the major reason causing the issue. As it can be observed that the main issue here is a huge lack of working staff (Clegg et al. 2015). The organization does not follow a strict system of workforce segmentation, and there is only one booking agent, as a result of which it is impossible for him to keep a track on the number of bookings done on a single day. Each detail of the bookings is done by the agent employing a manual method, and hence electronic record of transactions is required. However, despite this being a serious problem, it has been learnt that the organization does not have sufficient space to expand itself within the area. Hence, hiring two booking agents and recording the detail of each booking on computer, can help in the systematic and organized management of the organization (Rice 2013). An organization, may be big enough, and may have a variety of amenities, but it will never be able to gain recognition, unless it is able to select the most effective promotional strategy. It has been learnt that Moorland Sport and Leisure centre relies more on traditional method of marketing, and hence employs the use of leaflets, and newspapers to reach out to the audience. However, this does not help the organization build a valued relation with the consumers, who are already availing the service of other organizations. Hence, the use of social media marketing is important. Social media marketing will not only assist the organization in interacting with the consumers as already stated, but most importantly it will also help in the process of demographic segmentation of the target market (Tuten and Solomon 2014). Social media tools, such as Facebook or Google Analytics, helps in analyzing the demographic filed and interest data of the users, thereby helping in the approach of the r ight consumers at the right time (Stelznar 2012). The organization at present has a very small budget, and hence it requires investing more money. However, apart from the staff cost and administrative and advertisement expense, the organization also spends a considerable amount of money for the maintenance of the 50m swimming pool, and the large multi- sport hall. However, it has been observed that the organization chiefly focuses and spends on the swimming based activities , while it should also spend a considerable sum of money for establishing a gym with modern amenities, a fitness studio as well as new sport clubs (Brigham et al. 2013). It is important for the organization to introduce modern amenities that can help the organization demarcate itself from the rival organizations. The organization at present remains open from 6Am to 10PM on weekdays. However, during the weekends, the organization has decided to keep open till 12 AM, in order to help the consumers avail the best of their service. Apart from the gym and the fitness centre, and the multi-sport facility centers, the organization, has recently set up the sauna and steam spa centers (Annarelli and Nonino 2016). Recommendation: Online booking can help the organization gain greater accessibility among the consumers, and hence online booking should be used for reaching out to a greater number of consumers. In addition, offering concessions and attractive offers on the subscription fees via online booking system, can be used to retain the old consumers and attract the new consumers. Once Moorland Sport and Leisure centre establishes itself as a recognized organization, it can expand itself in other parts of the country, whereby its accommodation problem can be mitigated to a considerable extent. The organization is understaffed, and this can pose a serious threat to the organization. Hiring the employees on a full time basis is not sufficient to solve the problem. Te organization has to invest an enormous amount of money for increasing the workforce, and sufficiently motivating the existent employees, by providing them with long term benefits, such as pension, so that they can work with an increased rate of pr oductivity and efficiency. It is also recommended that the organization keeps on introducing new features that can largely help in attracting new consumers. The introduction of more new facilities, such as the recently introduced sauna and steam spas, can be highly beneficial for the organization. While stakeholder satisfaction is important the organization seems to focus too much on the employees, and not on the consumers. Hence, it is not only necessary to motivate the existent employees, but introducing innovative strategies, such as crche, tennis court, station gyms or even holiday kids clubs, is important. Further, it should be remembered that communicating the mission and vision to the employees is important, but at the same time it is important to make them aware of the shared benefits of performing well, with the help of various workshops and seminars. Workshops and seminars can help in motivating the employees, and will help them work, with an integrated approach, something highly important in a service organization. Conclusion: Moorland Sport and Leisure centre can emerge as a reputed organization provided the organization takes into consideration the recommendations and changes that are being proposed here. Although the strategy employed by the organization at present is not completely ineffective, yet it is advised that the organization introduces innovative strategies, and develops modern facilities, to sustain itself in a highly competitive market. Reference List: Annarelli, A. and Nonino, F., 2016. Strategic and operational management of organizational resilience: Current state of research and future directions.Omega,62, pp.1-18. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Clegg, S.R., Kornberger, M. and Pitsis, T., 2015.Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. Edginton, C.R., 2013. History of the World Leisure Organization: a 50-year perspective and analysis.World Leisure Journal,55(3), pp.264-297. Rice, A.L., 2013.The enterprise and its environment: A system theory of management organization(Vol. 10). Routledge. Stelzner, M.A., 2012.2012 social media marketing industry report: how marketers are using social media to grow their businesses. social media examiner. Theodorakis, N.D., Howat, G., Ko, Y.J. and Avourdiadou, S., 2014. A comparison of service evaluation models in the context of sport and fitness centres in Greece.Managing Leisure,19(1), pp.18-35. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014.Social media marketing. Sage. sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-85186281825055556762020-04-23T19:13:00.001-07:002020-04-23T19:13:02.841-07:00Is the U.S. Economy Healthy free essay sample This paper is an analysis of the health of the current American economy. This paper examines several components of the U.S. economy from 2000-2002 in order to gage whether or not it is healthy. The economys health prior to 2001 is discussed in detail in order to give the reader a good basis for understanding why certain materials are included in this paper. The author looks at GDP, the unemployment rate and inflation in order to examine their affect on the current economy. Any new monetary and fiscal policies that have been introduced to help deal with problems arising are then presented and analyzed in order to judge their efficiency. According to Encarta Gross Domestic Product is defined as total value of goods and services produced in a country over any given period of time. GDP is calculated in one of three ways: (1) by adding up the value of all goods and services produced, (2) by adding up the expenses on goods and services at there sold, or (3) by adding up manufacturer earnings from the sale of services or goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the U.S. Economy Healthy? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This variable is important when examining the health of the economy because it measures the countrys standard of living. If GDP increases at a higher rate than the population, standards of living are rising. If the population is increasing at a greater rate than GDP, living standards are falling. (Encarta) The following table shows U.S. GDP over the last 18 months: Starting with the fourth quarter of 2000 ending with the fourth quarter of 2001. sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-3004471288177815632020-03-17T15:07:00.001-07:002020-03-17T15:07:02.807-07:00Kyoto Accord essaysKyoto Accord essays No matter how bright a solution may seem, it may only be drawing near the eye of the storm. A problem cannot be completely resolved without creating more. Such is the effect of the Kyoto accord. At this point in time, the Kyoto treaty should not come to pass because of its overwhelming negative effects. Among the many reasons why it should not be signed, are that jobs will dramatically be decreased in the energy industry, global warming occurs periodically without human induced factors, and the unknown cost of this project could prove fatal to the Canadian economy. Even though the greenhouse gases produced by the energy industries play a role in such global warming effects as cataclysmic storms, floods, and drought worldwide, these disasters would occur naturally anyway and it is still not quite certain as to how much it contributes to them. Without a certain amount of warming, all life on the planet would cease to exist. Furthermore, a reasonable increase in present global temperatures could be beneficial as warming could result in greater precipitation, which would aid in the production of agricultural. The idea that an increase in the climate would cause more violent storms worldwide is untrue also as storms are more closely associated with cold weather than warm weather. Only two of the top twenty deadliest storms occurred during extreme heat conditions. As for the decrease in the emissions to cool down the planet, this is merely a speculation since forty million years ago the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was ten times greater than today yet the temperature was substantially cooler. Too many facts are still unknown about the overall effect of the Kyoto project for it to come to pass. Although gas emissions would be reduced considerably, many jobs would be lost in the process. Hundreds of thousands of workers jobs would be put at stake just for the slight chance of a decrease in the climate, whi ... sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-76044114659981208932020-03-01T06:53:00.001-08:002020-03-01T06:53:03.236-08:00Consider Planting an Oak in Your YardConsider Planting an Oak in Your Yard Red and white oaks (Quercus species) are great trees to plant in your yard and you will find one from the many oak species available to choose from. An oak is theà state treeà of Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland and New Jersey. Oaks have always suffered from a slow growth image to the favor of planting quick-growing, short-lived native and exotic trees. Habit and Range You can find an oak species growing naturally in all 48 states. There are white and live oaks in the West. Live, red and white oaks populate the East - oaks are everywhere and are the most popular tree in the United States. In fact, the oak has been selected as Americas national tree by the National Arbor Day Foundation and found in every North American state and province. Strong Cultivars Best cultivars by preferred oak species: White Oaks - Jasper, Lincoln, Crimson SpireRed and Scarlet Oaks - Red SplendensLive Oaks - Highrise, Southern Shade Oak Plant Hardiness Zones Oaks hardy through zone 3 if selected from northern sources. Expert Comments Bur oak...is a majestic, rugged tree, extremely variable even for an oak, and tolerates a wide range of habitats...under favorable conditions, it ranks among the most impressive of all trees. - Guy Sternberg, Native Trees for North American Landscapes If but one oak could grace my garden, this (scarlet oak) would be the choice.- Michael Dirr, Dirrs Hardy Trees and Shrubs Amoung the 600 or so oak species...an elite few of these, in the right place at the right time, have inspired the kind of awe and legend attached to gods and heroes. Such trees are mainly of the white oak group. - Arthur Plotnik, The Urban Tree Book sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-32181366682792176602020-02-13T22:17:00.001-08:002020-02-13T22:17:03.894-08:00Functional Block Diagram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsFunctional Block Diagram - Essay Example The control signals and measures are by dashed lines. These latter concepts seemed to be very vague to an individual at this point. With careful consideration of the process flow diagram described in Figure 1ââ¬â2, where process 1 effluent fluid is to the surge tank where the effluent are directed to process 2.several constraints exist such as the height in this reservoir. In the event the tank overflows, it may pose a serious environmental risk and hazards that may result in negative economic influence (Levin & Ted, pp. 124-178). Below is the stepwise analyzes of the system in a procedural manner. Control Objective: here, the goal is to maintain the height of the tank within certain bounds since too high height will lead to overflow while too little height problems may arise due to the flow of process 2. Typically, specific height will be selected. This desired height is as the set point. In this section the effluent from process 1and, it is channeled through to process 2. It is that an outlet flow rate is considered an input to this kind of set up (Levin & Ted, pp. 167-189). In most cases, the problem is always to identify and the manipulated input and the disturbance input. Output variables: the most considered out variable is the liquid level with assumption t in the measured quantity. These are the actual number of constraints while solving this process. The liquid levels allowed up to a certain maximum level; upon which when exceeded, the tank overflows. There are limitations on the flow rates via the inlet and outlet valves. Since this is a continuous process, that is, there is an inflow via inlet and out flow via outlet of the tank. Safety, economic considerations and environmental factors: This aspect majorly depends on the futures of the fluid. If it is a lethal chemical, then there exist tremendous environmental sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-75052669337180377752020-02-01T13:29:00.001-08:002020-02-01T13:29:03.553-08:00FEDERAL CONTRACTING ISSUES Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsFEDERAL CONTRACTING ISSUES - Term Paper Example CCR is the official free on-line registrant database for the US Federal Government that collects, validates, stores and disseminates data in support of agency acquisition agency acquisition and award missions (BPN, 2011). After training and being registered, one can start soliciting for opportunities to do business with the federal government. In some instances, businesses offering similar products or services team up to solicit the federal contract opportunities. The law requires the large prime contractors to come up with opportunities of subcontracting with small business ventures. For this assignment, our company, Global IT & Office Solutions Ltd that specializes in computer solutions and office machine repair and maintenance services would like to offer these type services to the government agencies. This type of business falls under category NAICS 811212 (SIC 7978, FSC/ PSC code 74) which comprises of establishments primarily engaged in repairing and maintaining computers and office machines without retailing new computers and office machines (NAICS, 2011). To register the following information was provided: Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) Number provided by Dun and Bradstreet; Tax Identification Number (TIN) and Tax Payer name used in federal tax matters; statistical information about the business; and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) information for payment of invoices (BPN, 2011). Global IT & Office Solutions Ltd is based in Erie, PA and was founded in 1997 to offer computer and office equipments repair and maintenance services to our esteemed customers who range from individuals, institutions, government agencies and multinational corporations. We service all models and makes of computers and office equipments. Our strength is based on keeping up-to-date with technological advancements; highly trained, experienced and sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-73502402156241423712020-01-24T09:53:00.001-08:002020-01-24T09:53:03.699-08:00families Essay -- essays research papers The importance of families has been espoused by all since the inception of modern times. Considered by most to be the backbone of America, it is how we socially and culturally indoctrinate our offspring so they are able to become a functional member of society. A lack of a full family is often cited as the reason that children end up as criminals or delinquents. The notion of family being the birthplace of problems is not even something most people could find feasible, which is what makes Barbara Ehrenreichtââ¬â¢s essay ââ¬Å"Are Families Dangerous?â⬠seem a bit out in left field to most readers. But upon closer inspection and reflection into ones own family life, and the lives of those around them, Ehrenreichtââ¬â¢s essay begins to make a lot more sense. It is because of my understanding of values within our culture and my own personal experience with my family that I believe Ehrenreichtââ¬â¢s essay on family is completely true in the ideas that it expresses. Most of us choose only to recall fond memories of our youth when we speak about how great family life is, though the reality of things is that few of us have a perfect youth with our family and it is often peppered with emotional and physical harm. Ehrenreicht hits the nail on the head when she talks about the plight of the wife, many of their problems come not from outside of the house, but within. Turn to any daytime TV show to see the crying and emotional pain that family members cause, whether it be from physical or emotional abuse.... sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-81444009919308991422020-01-16T06:17:00.001-08:002020-01-16T06:17:05.721-08:00My Favorite Leader â⬠Zhou Enlai EssayAbstract As is known to us all, Zhou Enlai, as a communist party member, the first premier and foreign minister of the Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China (PRC), has a high reputation from home and abroad. This paper includes four parts in total. It starts with the brief introduction to Zhou Enlai and then pays more attention to the second part about his contributions. Following is the third part about evaluations from domestic and international. The last part comes to the conclusion. Key words: Zhou Enlai reputation contributions evaluations I. Introduction Zhou Enlai was born in Huaiââ¬â¢an, Jiangsu Province on 5 March 1898, and died in Beijing on January 8, 1976. Zhou, an important member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from its beginnings in 1921, was the first Premier of PRC, serving from October 1949 to January 1976. Though Zhou severed as the Chinese Foreign Minister just from 1949 to 1958, he was a master in policy implementation, with infinite capacity for details. His skills and ability of diplomat impressed people all round the globe. He was of great help in consolidating the control of the Communist Partyââ¬â¢s rise to power, forming foreign policies, and developing the Chinese economy. II. Contributions To the liberation of the Chinese people and the foundation of a new China As I have mentioned in the first part, Zhou was born at the end of the 19th century, when China was suffering from internal and external. So, Zhou has dedicated himself to the cause of the liberation of the Chinese people since he was young. Between 1920 and 1924, he studied in France and Germany under a work-study program and spread Marxism among Chinese students and workers living there. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1922. During the period of the Great Revolution, he took an active part in the Northern Expedition and made important contributions to the overthrow of the reactionary rule of the northern warlords. He was also one of the leaders of Nanchang Uprising and one of the founders of the Peopleââ¬â¢s Army after the failure of the Great Revolution in 1927. In 1935, Zhou played an importantà role in supporting Mao Zedongââ¬â¢s propositions at Zunyi Conference which helped make the Long March of the Red Army a great success. When the Red Army arrived in Northern Shaanxi Province, Zhou, working under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), on behalf of the Communist Party, held talks with Chiang Kai-shek who adopted measures to firstly maintain internal security and then repel foreign invasion, facing the Japanese invasion to Shenyang, China. During the negotiations, Zhou firmly carried out Chairman Maoââ¬â¢s policy, skillfully compelled Chiang Kai-shek to stop the civil war and successfully led to the peaceful settlement of the Xiââ¬â¢an Incident, and thus promoted the formation of anti-Japanese national united front. In the Liberation War of China, he spared no pains to assist Mao Zedong in organizing and commanding the Three Great Campaigns and establishing the new China. To Diplomatic Relations After New China was founded, Premier Zhou also worked as the Foreign Minister for nine years, during which he made painstaking efforts to develop the basic diplomatic policies and form the Foreign Ministry, including formulating rules, systems and diplomatic disciplines. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence proposed by Premier Zhou that â⬠mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each otherââ¬â¢s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence â⬠remains the most important norm and standard which officials of the Foreign Ministry must abide by nowadays. The Geneva Conference In April 1954, Zhou, together with the delegation of the Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China, attended the Geneva Conference, which was to settle the ongoing Franco-Vietnamese War. His patience and shrewdness assisted the major powers involved (the Soviets, French, Americans, and North Vietnamese) to reach the agreement ending the conflict, and made it possible that the independence of the three countriesââ¬âSouth Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia got the international recognition. Meanwhile, on behalf of the Chinese Government, Zhou put forward the five principles of peaceful coexistence as the criterion for the relationship between countries. The Asianââ¬âAfrican Conference In 1955, Zhou was a prominent participator in the Asianââ¬âAfrican Conference held in Indonesia. At the conference, Zhou skillfully maintained the right to possess Taiwan, demanded the approval of the Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China, put forward his stand for ââ¬Å"peaceful coexistenceâ⬠and against ââ¬Å"colonialismâ⬠, advocated ââ¬Å"seeking common ground while putting aside differencesâ⬠and made it possible that, the conference produced a strong declaration in favor of peace and actively carried out the peaceful coexistence of Chinaââ¬â¢s foreign policy. The Sino-American relations By the early 1970s, Sino-American relations had begun to improve. In January 1970, the Chinese invited the American ping-pong team to China, initiating an era of ââ¬Å"ping-pong diplomacyâ⬠. In 1971, Zhou met secretly with President Nixonââ¬â¢s security advisor, Henry Kissinger, who had flown to China to prepare for a meeting between Richard Nixon and Mao Zedong. After these meetings, Zhou successfully let the United States agree to allow the transfer of American money to China, to allow trades between American-owned ships and China (under foreign flags), and to allow Chinese exports into the United States since the Korean War. Whatââ¬â¢s more, the United States publicly acknowledged that Taiwan was an inalienable part of the Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China. To promote the peopleââ¬â¢s well-being During the establishment of the new Chinese government, he succeeded in getting support from people from all walks of life, which provided a solid foundation for the construction of the Chinese society and the consolidation of the new China. First foreign minister as he was, Zhou made it possible to create an international environment favorable to Chinaââ¬â¢s construction and to promote world peace and human development. In 1954, he proposed the four modernization goal of constructing a modern industry, agriculture, transportation industry and national defense, which promoted the rapid development of the national science and technology. During the Cultural Revolution, he exerted himself to keep order in the critical situation, and made a great effort to save comrades being persecuted or imprisoned. In 1975, on behalf of the Party, he reintroduced his ââ¬Å"Four Modernizationâ⬠à giving people the confidence and courage to reconstruct China having been destroyed and confused by the Cultural Revolution, III. Evaluations From domestic After his death, one million five hundred thousand people came to see his coffin, and memorials for him were held everywhere. One of the memorial reports devoted to Zhou Enlai wrote: ââ¬Å"He looks to have left nothing for us. Butâ⬠¦he have hundreds millions of children and grandchildren, and all the land of China is grave for himâ⬠. Qian Xuesen, father of the two bombs, once said, ââ¬Å"According to what many non-party people said, they had no idea of the communist party of China until they got to know Zhou Enlai and it was because of him that they began to believe in the CCP.â⬠The writer Bing Xin expressed her admiration that ââ¬Å"Premier Zhou Enlai is the first perfect in the hearts of billion people of 20th centuryâ⬠. From international On January 8, 1976, it was the exact day of Zhouââ¬â¢s death, in front of United Nations Headquarters in New York, the United Nations flag down a half-mast. The UN Secretary, who named General Kurt Waldheim, said, ââ¬Å"In order to mourn Zhou Enlai, the United Nations is to half-mast. There are two reasons for me to make this decision: Firstly, China is an ancient civilization with many countless treasures of gold and silver, but she has no penny of Premier Zhouââ¬â¢s deposits; Secondly, China has a population of one billion and accounts for 1/4 of worldââ¬â¢s population, but she has no child of Premier Zhou.â⬠The First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy once said: ââ¬Å"In the world I only worship one man, that is, Zhou Enlai.â⬠Sihanouk lady Monika also said: ââ¬Å"Zhou Enlai is my only idol!â⬠To conclude this part, these evaluations not only mirror his incomparable wit diplomatic skills, but also reflect our beloved Premier Zhou noble characteristics admired in t he world. IV. Conclusion As I have mentioned above, Zhou Enlai enjoys a high reputation in China as well as in other countries, because of his incomparable diplomatic skills and devotion to the cause. Zhou devoted himself to his cause, making unremitting efforts to spread Marxism, making contributions to theà liberation of the Chinese people and the development of China and sparing no pains to promote the Chinese peopleââ¬â¢s well-being and the peace of the world. Bibliography 1. http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/å⠨æ ©Ã¦ ¥ 2. http://baike.baidu.com/view/1751. 3. http://www.baike.com/wiki/å⠨æ ©Ã¦ ¥ 4. Gao Wenqian. Zhou Enlai: The Last Perfect Revolutionary. NY: Public Affairs, 2007. 5. Lee, Chae-jin. Zhou Enlai: The Early Years. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994. 6. Levine, Marilyn. The Found Generation: Chinese Communists in Europe during the Twenties. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1993. 7. Wilson, Dick. Zhou Enlai: A Biography. New York: Viking, 1984 8. Tang Jiaxuan. Tang Jiaxuan Elaborates Zhou Enlaiââ¬â¢s Diplomatic Thinking in Tianjin Nankai Middle School. ä ¸ Ã¥ Žä º ºÃ¦ °âå⦠±Ã¥âÅ'å⺠½Ã¥ ¤â"ä º ¤Ã©Æ' ¨ sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-21268398334960358962020-01-08T02:40:00.001-08:002020-01-08T02:40:04.184-08:00Essay on I Am a Victim of Advertising - 1547 Words I Am a Victim of Advertising You could call me a shop-a-holic, as most of my friends do, but I call myself a lover of fashion. Sitting in my room, I look in my closet at all my belongings and wonder what else I want to buy. Abercrombie, Guess, J Crew, Armani Exchange, Ralph Lauren, Tommy Hilfiger, and Banana Republic are just a few of the name-brand items that clutter my room. And I want more. Ive never stopped to question whether Im getting what Im paying for, though Ive always been a smart shopper, a sale shopper. But, as I learn more about my future field, marketing, I realize that I am a victim of advertising. All the things I want and buy are influenced by what magazines, television, and other advertisers tell me Iâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The cover has 500 Summer Must-Haves or 5 Minutes of Crunches to get those Hard Abs or 10 New Hair Styles that Will Drive the Boys Crazy strewn across in bold bright colors. By reading all these tips to fashion and beauty, girls are sucked into buying products they th ink will help them become beautiful. Makeup, hair accessories, jewelry, and especially clothes are all being sold to young girls through magazines. Without these things, no girl thinks she will be popular or lovely. As I progressed to high school, advertising became an even bigger influence. Boys began to notice girls in high school, and all the girls wanted to look good to get a guy. Since the girls knew that boys were enamored by HOT looking models, what were girls to do but imitate that look? I remember scanning magazines with my friends and trying to get my hair to be shinier, my figure to be better, and my eyes to sparkle with makeup. We believed it all and went to CVS or to the mall to try to find the products the magazines had shown us. We watched TV to find out where those products were or if anything new was out. The looks of the movie stars were also a model of the looks we hoped we could get. I cannot even count the number of useless products my friends and I bought to better our appearances, all of which were expensive. It was all pushed by what magazines promised would work. The clothing in high school differed greatly from that inShow MoreRelatedMedia And The Internet Has Made Huge Strides On The World Today1294 Words à |à 6 PagesMedia and the internet have made huge strides on the world today. From television to internet advertising there are many benefits to Internet media and I will be examining them. The disadvantages will be addressed as well because media is not only just good. Internet has also made a big influence on society and the way we use it today. People all over the world are using internet to their advantage from being a business tool to being able use it recreationally in the comfort of their home. PeopleRead MoreEssay about Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt by Jean Kilbourne1577 Words à |à 7 PagesFor the longest time now, advertising has played a huge role in how we identify ourselves in the United States with the American culture, and how others identify themselves with all the cultures of the rest of the world as well. It guides us in making everyday decisions, such as what items we definitely need to invest our money on, how to dress in-vogue, and what mindset we should have to prosper the most. 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If I had this rank I would be able to help out ALOT moreRead MoreAssignment 3: Critique e-business operations from each of the following four perspectives: on-line payments, customer satisfaction, supply chain management, and advertising products/and services1403 Words à |à 6 Pagesï » ¿ Assignment 3: Critique e-business operations from each of the following four perspectives: on-line payments, customer satisfaction, supply chain management, and advertising products/and services On-line shopping has continued to spike as more and more people turn to the convenience of the internet. Although it is convenient to shop from the privacy of your home, the perspective of on-line payment does present some challenges. Both the customer and the vendor are concernedRead MoreIs Anyone Exempt from the Influences of Advertising?1246 Words à |à 5 PagesMany people would argue that they personally feel exempt from the influences of advertising. 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After reviewing the two readings, I am convinced that fast and processed food consumers are the victims of large franchises seeking to make a quick buck at the expense of the consumerââ¬â¢s health. Fast food and processed food consumers are ignorant of the quality of the food that they choose to purchase, solely depending on franchisesRead MoreExamples Of Cultural Views Of Legislation795 Words à |à 4 Pages when looking at the white population versus colored population they are not properly represented, as they make up 89.8 percent of the districts population. Though my culture is represented as a Caucasian, I am lacking representation as a female. In accordance with the district population I am the majority culture as a Caucasian, but the minority in color population (as a whole) versus white population. Major differences between my culture and the colored culture include the following social justice sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-49370717905835624692019-12-30T23:06:00.001-08:002019-12-30T23:06:03.560-08:00Essay on Social Connotations of Name and Well Being Introduction Imagine that you are of Arab decent you are being screened more thoroughly than others at the airport. The only way the airport staff can identify that you are of Arab decent is based on your family name, Najjar. The airport staff constantly takes extra measures to confirm that you are not a terrorist. Stereotypes have existed in American culture for centuries. Early in American history stereotypes of Negroes and Mexicans predominately associate them with lower-class attributes (Campbell, 1967). Major social events can have an effect on how certain groups and assemblies of individuals are perceived. On September 11, 2001, nineteen hijackers associated with al-Qaeda brutally murdered hundreds of American citizens. Theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It is expected that individuals with a high association of discrimination will have higher levels of depression, acute smoking, higher body mass index, and number of endocrine conditions. This research will examine the general perceptions of participants based on the social connotations associated with their name and how it could affect their well-being. It is projected that those individuals with excessive amounts of discrimination and stereotyping will also have a larger number cardiovascular risk factors as well as psychological abnormalities. Literature Review and Purpose Racism and the Workplace Racism can be thought of as a superiority complex, in that some ethnicities are better or more superior to others (Bhopal, 2004). This complex is used to construct and validate actions that will build and maintain many constructs of discrimination and disproportion. Racial inequality and discrimination is ingrained in racism, it is a direct echo suffered by the minority individuals in a prejudiced society. One key factor when exploring how stereotyped individuals that have been victims of discrimination counter-act to stressors such as ethnic slurs, supremacy and other acts of environmental racism is whether or not they are affected contrarily. The Journal of Critical Public Health provides a more abstractedShow MoreRelatedThis is a presentation on Diction and Syntax for Charles Dickenss Great Expectations. Chapters 1-81450 Words à |à 6 Pagesnewborn, or new, while tongue means the organ the human body uses when it speaks. 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The advertisement speaks toRead MoreThe Definition Of Modern Day Feminism1116 Words à |à 5 PagesMegan Thompson Ms. Butters AP Language 13 November 2014 The Definition of Modern Day Feminism ââ¬Å"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.â⬠This is what Beyonce, one of the most famous and influential Women of Color in the past decade, claims in her 2014 VMA performance, with a large, shining backdrop of the word ââ¬Ëfeministââ¬â¢ behind her. This quickly became one of the most direct and most widely-known displays of her feminist beliefs, and Beyonce isRead MoreSocial Stereotypes in America Essay1479 Words à |à 6 PagesArab decent you being screened more thoroughly than others at the airport. The only way the airport staff can identify that you are of Arab decent is based on your family name, Najjar. The airport staff constantly takes extra measures to confirm that you are not a terrorist. 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The word that was coined to once define a lazy or untidy lady now refers to a woman that is ââ¬Å"uncleanâ⬠sexually. Of course, there is no other set standard for being a slut; there is no set number of sexual pa rtners, no number of hookups, yet it is still used as one of the biggest insults to women and thrown around to anyone that shows even a hint of provocativeness. Does ââ¬Å"slutâ⬠need to have the increasingly negative connotation that it carriesRead MoreObjectification Is A Word That Has Many Negative Connotations1029 Words à |à 5 PagesObjectification is a word that has many negative connotations. Nussbaum identifies objectification ââ¬Å"as a pejorative term, connoting a way of speaking, thinking, and acting that the speaker finds morally or socially objectionable, usually, though not always, in the sexual realm.â⬠Nussbaumââ¬â¢s definition is vague, like many of her other works, and places the connotation of the word itself into the ââ¬Å"speakerââ¬â¢sâ⬠own hands. While it is good to allow wiggle room for concepts, an act which allows them to beRead MoreOvert Sexualization in American Apparelââ¬â¢s Advertising Essay1311 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å" In the twentieth century, advertising evolved into a form of persuasive social discourse intended primarily to influence how we perceive the buying and consumption of goods,â⬠(Danesi 179). Does sex sell? American Apparelââ¬â¢s advertisements use sexual images to sell their products, it is a strategy that has caused much controversy because it is the woman being put in the advertisement in a suggestive way to model American Apparelââ¬â¢s clothing. From having American Apparel female employers exposingRead MoreThe Power Of Advertising Advertisements1414 Words à |à 6 Pagesquestion as to their credibility. We are constantly being exposed to manipulated images of reality within advertisements, which glorify popular ideologies and build upon cultural norms, simply for the purpose of creating desirability for their product. This process of creating desirability, however, often means constructing naturalised myths of the product to appeal to the commercial audience. Advertisers position viewers to accept the messages being conveyed, and in doing so, attain an unsettling degreeRead MoreRhetorical Analysis1700 Words à |à 7 Pagesand the Wailâ⬠is an essay by M ichael Hsu. Hsu, a Taiwanese American author and editor, wrote this essay in order to express his views on the negative connotations that occur with some of the racially charged objects present in society. More specifically, the essay deals with the stereotypical nature of The Chin Family. The Chin Family is the name of Stefano Giovannoniââ¬â¢s tabletop collection, which includes salt and pepper shakers that have the caricaturized facial expressions of Chinese people (Giovanni sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-38265283347733528262019-12-22T18:52:00.001-08:002019-12-22T18:52:03.088-08:00Job Experience At College Graduates - 1443 Words Obtaining a job in todayââ¬â¢s society may seem difficult due to the ever increasing population of college graduates promoting a healthy dose of competition, yet it will come naturally if one has prior experience before obtaining a full-time job. In my current stage of being a senior without any job experience before graduating will prove to be tough to find a company willing to hire someone as such. Almost all of my friends have some sort of job experience both in either industry or in jobs not related to engineering. I on the other hand privately do have job experience, but this is through a small family business manufacturing custom window treatments. Ever since I was a young child, many professors told me to not cite family as a credible source of job experience. I assumed this was said in order to prevent those that simply place inane job titles on their resume when they in fact worked or observed only five minutes of the job. My job was to assist my father in the manufacturi ng of curtains, pillows and roman shades; occasionally installing the drapes in the clientââ¬â¢s home with the profits going towards the family. Money going towards my familyââ¬â¢s funds has led to me not have to file any taxes and ââ¬Å"whatnotâ⬠. Where ââ¬Å"whatnotâ⬠is the miscellaneous papers that I am not aware of in my current knowledge thatââ¬â¢s usually seen if one had a job. I have attempted to place my work experience onto my resume as the section labeled ââ¬Å"work experienceâ⬠is left blank, but the starting date lookedShow MoreRelatedWhy Bother Pursuing Higher Education?1630 Words à |à 7 Pagesto seek a higher education in college or start working. For most people, the key to education is to equip young adults with the ability to survive and to make a standard living in the future. In this essay, I will not only argue why it is unnecessary for young adults to pursue higher education, such as college and beyond, but also that obtaining a co llege degree is irrelevant. The first reason why I strongly believe in this, is that even though students earn a college degree, there isnââ¬â¢t a guaranteedRead MoreGraduation Essay : The Generation Jobless1449 Words à |à 6 PagesGraduates in Canada The Generation Jobless documentary has enlightened me on how bad the after graduation unemployment situation is in Canada. 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Having a college education is something thatRead MoreStudent Debt Is Becoming A Huge Debate1079 Words à |à 5 Pagesstudents and $33,000 in debt on average in 2013 and 2014, the worth of a college education is becoming a huge debate. College has always been known as the next step after high school. Itââ¬â¢s what most people look forward to for their whole school career. Now some colleges are so prestigious people make it their dream to get in. Not only do students need to worry about getting in but now they also have to worry about the prices. College prices are higher than they have ever been and they are increasing exponentiallyRead MoreWhat Makes A Degree If You Can Not Get A Job?1494 Words à |à 6 PagesArgumentative Essay What Use Is A Degree If You Cannot Get A Job? This Question can be answered in many ways. Why it is not such a great idea for people to achieve a college degree. There are advantages to this and of course disadvantages. The main focus on getting a degree in college is to gain knowledge of the area of study or of which career a person wants to achieve a job in or a life hobby. Going to school and learning is not only a great thing, it broadens ones areas of lifeRead MoreImportance Of College Education Essay1284 Words à |à 6 PagesImportance of College Education Nationwide and worldwide, education is continuing to expand as an important asset for citizens to have an opportunity to gain and strengthen knowledge. In many third world countries, education is widely accepted and viewed as a form of luxury and wisdom. College is not just the beginning of bundles of opportunities but an opening for growth and learning. A good education is beneficial from many different viewpoints, and while the importance of a college education isRead MoreThe Importance Of Education774 Words à |à 4 PagesSadly, more and more high school graduates are passing the chance to have a college education. They donââ¬â¢t see the purpose or value anymore. This problem is getting more persistent as years go by. College is still valuable because it grants a higher salary, gives more career opportunities, and teaches lessons. College is still valuable because it helps people earn more money. For example, a study conducted by the Economic Policy Institute showed that college graduates (on average) earn 56% more thanRead MoreWhy People Attend College Essay1193 Words à |à 5 Pagesmajority of people these days are planning or are going to college. These people have many reasons for going to college. The option of going to college is a major decision and there are many factors that are considered in making this decision. One of the many reasons of making the decision to go to college is to receive a bigger salary. Another reason is for the opportunities that become available from going to college. People also decide go to college to be better prepared and successful in the future. Read MoreIs College Worth The Money?1397 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"â⬠¦ A college degree is the surest ticket to the middle class,â⬠says President Barack Obama (10, ââ¬Å"College Educationâ⬠). However, many disag ree. Only 44% of people say that college is worth it from a previous 75%. This is understandable because tuition is the highest it has ever been and is still rising; meanwhile, student debt has surpassed $1.2 trillion (4, ââ¬Å"Is College Worthâ⬠). Is college really worth the money? It depends on many factors such as the student, major, college, and time taken to graduateRead MoreCollege Should Be A Training Base For High School Degree1249 Words à |à 5 Pagesgrandparents urged him to find a job after he graduated high school immediately, but he thought he should master a specific professional skill to apply for a better occupation in the future. He didnââ¬â¢t listen to my grandparents, he attended to an entrance examination of a medical university and became a dentist after he graduated from university. He firmly believed that if he didnââ¬â¢t go to the college, he would still work in a factory or became a farmer like his parent. College should be a training base for sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-69441915942717296112019-12-14T15:22:00.001-08:002019-12-14T15:22:04.311-08:001% of Local Police Departments Free Essays Reflections from the One-Percent of Local Police Departments with Mandatory Four-Year Degree Requirements For New Hires: Are They Diamonds in the Rough? Diana Bruns Bacone College ***Contact information Diana Bruns, Ph. D. Department Chairperson and Professor, Criminal Justice Studies Bacone College 2299 Old Bacone Road Muskogee, OK 74403 brunsd@bacone. We will write a custom essay sample on 1% of Local Police Departments or any similar topic only for you Order Now edu cell: 918-781-7295 office: 918-781-7295 **Diana Bruns is the Department Chairperson and Professor of Criminal Justice Studies at Bacone College in Muskogee, OK. Reflections from the One-Percent of Local Police Departments with Mandatory Four-Year Degree Requirements For New Hires: Are They Diamonds in the Rough? Abstract Countless studies have permeated the literature regarding the utility of a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree for police officers. Local law enforcement agencies with mandatory four-year degree requirements serve as the population for this study relative to the current status of college degreed officers, as well as population demographics and commonalities among such departments. The utility of college degree requirements, choice of academic discipline and why four-year degree requirements nationwide are merely a preference, not a standard mandatory hiring requirement is discussed. Current minimum educational requirements for local and state police agencies and implications for the future of the college-degreed officers are explored. Hiring college-educated candidates in the law enforcement field does not guarantee they will be good officers. Being a police officer is hard and to be successful, you have to want to be a police officer. Individuals who receive the required degree in law enforcement have demonstrated their desire. Desire is something very hard to evaluate, but such an important trait. If all other qualities are equalââ¬âthe college graduate with a four-year degree in criminal justice or related field should be hired as police officers before one who doesnââ¬â¢t have the degree. Police Chief from department with mandatory degree requirement Introduction and Background The relevance of a college degree for police officers has been debated for decades. Numerous studies have been conducted regarding the importance of the degreed officer, while others have described how a college degree is not an essential or important ingredient for success among police officers. That precise debateââ¬âthe worth of the bachelorââ¬â¢s degree for police officers is not the focus of this endeavor. The focus here is central to three vital panelsââ¬â¢ recommendations from 1967-1974 proclaiming that police officers obtain baccalaureate degreeââ¬âthe Presidentââ¬â¢s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, and the American Bar Association Project on Standards for Criminal Justiceââ¬âand why so few local and state police departments have followed suit in requiring that police officers hold baccalaureate degrees, as less than 1% of such departments require a four-year degree (Hickman and Reeves, 2006). It is evident that leaders in law enforcement are hesitant to embrace the educational movement. Roberg and Bonn (2004) reiterated the nearly nonexistent numbers of police departments requiring degrees. Although leaders in law enforcement continue to hesitate the implementation of educational requirements (Carlan, 2007; Roberg and Bonn, 2004; Breci, 1997;Remington, 1990), recruitment for college graduates continues to increase. Carlan (2007) examined the worth of the criminal justice degree as valued by police officers and found that In this study, police officers (n=299) with varying levels of experience and riminal justice education revealed positive attitudes concerning the degreeââ¬â¢s value with regard to conceptual development for employment purposes. The positive assertions in this study reflect well on the ability of criminal justice programs to prepare its clientele for meaningful employment challenges (p. 616). Johnston, Cheurprakobkit, and McKenzie (2002) revealed that l aw enforcement administrators stressed that the role of education should place importance in aiding police officers with knowledge of the legal aspects of policing as well as report writing, ethics, and procedures. The Presidentââ¬â¢s Commission (1967) reported that without higher educational requirements, quality in police services could not be achieved or attained. However, over forty years later, in 2009, although most police agencies do report that they prefer a college-degreed officer, the majority of police agencies (local, state and special jurisdiction) do not require anything more than a high school diploma or equivalent. Upon reviewing 36 departments that require a four-year degree, this exploratory analysis attempts to reveal and explore the reasoning behind the small number of police departments actually requiring the degree. Results of this analysis will describe the departments with four-year mandatory degree requirements and characteristics of such departments will include opinions of police chiefs regarding why a college degree is important to police. Qualitative explanations will yield information regarding how explemplary practices of a few departments should serve as role models and guides for departments across the nation in the one-hundred year quest to professionalize the policing field. As the literature suggests, police administrators do prefer police officers to hold a baccalaureate degree, but do not require it. Verrill (2007) called for the need to determine why the select one-percent of local police departments who require the degree actually do so. This study attempts to answer that question. As stated previously, debates pertaining to the usefulness and value of a college degree for police officers have been commonplace in criminal justice literature for decades. However, at the outset, it is unclear how many police departments actually require a four-year degree and the location of such departments. This lack of clarity is further exemplified by ncertainty as to how many police officers and police agencies there actually are the in U. S. , leads to difficulty in counting police agencies (Maguire, Snipes, Uchida, and Townsend, 1998). Whatever the case, we can be assured that few police agencies (non-federal) actually require a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree. Is the Type of Degree Important? Verrill (2007) described the sparse amount of literature concerning the advantage or worth of a bachelor ââ¬â¢s degree in criminal justice and whether criminal justice employers give preferentiality to vocational over theoretical degrees or vice versa. Verrillââ¬â¢s study reviewed entry-level educational requirements for criminal justice agencies in Florida, where only two local police departments out of N=261 sampled required a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree. Realistically, Verrillââ¬â¢s sample is indicative of local police departments nationwide, as less than one-percent require a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree as a prerequisite for employment. It is unclear at this point, from the literature, whether those one-percent of police departments who require four-year degrees specify which discipline they prefer. This analysis reveals striking information regarding the few police departments that require the degree and their preferences regarding the discipline as well as if they prefer that police candidates have degrees pertaining to either vocational or theoretical orientations. Bostrom (2005) addressed differences in levels of performance and work habits among officers who had obtained Bachelor of Arts degrees and Bachelor of Science degrees, finding that officers with Bachelor of Arts degrees have better work habits (measured by sick time usage, traffic collisions, discipline) than officers with a Bachelor of Science degree. Although results were detailed with caution, as this was an exploratory study at one large police department, Bostrom called for future research in this area. Schafer and Castellano (2005) attempted to extricate the relationships that subsist among work experience, educational background and attitudes toward criminal justice education, once again finding, ââ¬Å"the quality of police service will not significantly improve until higher educational requirements are established for its personnelâ⬠(p. 300). Research Questions 1. What is currently known about educational requirements for local and state police departments/agencies? 2. How many police departments (local) have a four-year degree requirement and where are those departments? Who makes up the one-percent of police departments that the literature refers to as requiring four-year degrees? What is the range in size of police departments that have the four-year degree requirement? Are they large departments or small departments? 3. How many departments that have the four-year degree requirement will waive the requirement, and under what conditions can the educational requirement be waived? 4. What are the education levels of chiefs of police in departments that have a four-year degree requirement? . What are the mean starting salaries for the departments that require a four-year degree? Are the starting salaries for police officers in police departments with four-year degree requirements higher than salaries for police officers in departments without four-year degree requirements? 6. Do police chiefs in departments with four-year degree requirements prefer that officers have a degree in criminal justice? 7. Do police chiefs in departments with four-year degree requirements have a preference of vocational (hands-on) orientation rather than an academic (theoretical) orientation? . Have applicant pools increased, decreased or stayed the same since their four-year degree requirement was mandated? 9. Do the police chiefs believe the degree requirement will change in time, or will it remain a mandate, with no exceptions? 10. Regarding police departments with the four-year degree requirement, why does their respective department require a four-year degree? 11. Regarding police departments with the four-year degree requirement, why do police chiefs believe so few departments across the nation actually require the degree? Current Knowledge About Educational Requirements for US Police Departments According to the U. S. Department of Justice (2004), there are 12,766 local police departments with 3,067 sheriffââ¬â¢s offices, 49 primary state law enforcement agencies, 1,481 special jurisdiction agencies, and 513 ââ¬Ëotherââ¬â¢ agencies totally 17,876 law enforcement agencies. As of 2003, in a sample of 3000 police departments, 98% of local police departments had an educational requirement for new recruits; 18% had ââ¬Ësome typeââ¬â¢ of college requirement; ine percent required a two-year degree and less than one-percent required a four-year degree (Hickman and Reaves, 2006). Another source, The International Association for Chiefs of Police (2008) announced that 16% of state police agencies require a two-year degree, while four-percent require a four-year degree; 13% of county police agencies require a two-year degree and an unknown percentage of county police agencies require a four-year d egree. Nine percent of local police departments require a two-year degree and two-percent require a four-year degree. However, it was unclear the name and location of the departments that required a two or a four-year degree. Furthermore, it is unclear as to where that two-percent was derived. Overall, scarce information is available regarding which departments require a two or a four-year degree. By searching state police agency and state highway patrol websites, it is evident that only three state police departments require officers to hold four-year degreesââ¬âIllinois State Police, New Jersey State Police, and North Dakota Highway Patrol. All three agencies, however, will waive educational requirements. Regarding the New Jersey State Policeââ¬â¢s minimum qualifications, An applicant must have (1) a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree, signifying completion of the undergraduate curriculum and graduation from an accredited college or university or, (2) alternatively, an associateââ¬â¢s degree or have complete 60 college credits from an accredited college or university, plus at least two years of satisfactory employment, or (3) alternately, have completed 30 college credits from an accredited college or university, plus at least two years of active duty military service with an honorable discharge (http://www. jsp. org/recruit/qual. html). The Illinois State Police has the following minimum educational requirement: Option 1). An Associate of Arts Degree or equivalent coursework and must meet one of the following two job experience requirements: Three consecutive years of continuous, full-time service as a police officer, with the same police agency or three consecutive years of active milit ary duty. Option 2). An Associate Degree of Science or equivalent coursework and meet one of the following two job experience requirements: three onsecutive years of continuous, full-time service, as a police officer, with the same agency or three consecutive years of active military duty. Option 3). An Associate of Applied Science Degree, only if the degree is in Law Enforcement/Criminal Justice and meet one of the following two job experience requirements: Three consecutive years of continuous, full-time service as a police officer, with the same agency, or three consecutive years of active military duty. Option 4). A Bachelorââ¬â¢s Degree (https://www. illinoisstatetrooper. om/requiremnents. html). Lastly, North Dakota Highway Patrolââ¬â¢s minimum educational requirements are: An Associate degree with two years of work-related experience or a Bachelorââ¬â¢s degree (http://nd. gov/ndhp/employment/qualifications. html). Upon review of each state police or state highway pat rol website, the following requirements by state were revealed: presently, ten states require an Associateââ¬â¢s Degree or 60 hours of college credit (PA, TX, KY, MN, MO, OK, DE, CN, WI, LA). The remaining states require a high school diploma or equivalent. However, one stateââ¬â Nevada, stipulates no educational requirement. Out of the 100 largest cities in the United States, only four police departments require a four-year degree (Jacksonville, FL, Arlington, TX. , St. Paul, MN, and Tulsa, OK). Upon looking at the 100 largest police departments in the United States by number of sworn officers (list provided by the Police Executive Research Forum), only 3 of the largest police departments require a four-year degree (New Jersey State Police, Illinois State Police, and Jacksonville Sheriffââ¬â¢s Office). After reviewing each of the 100 largest cities websites, it was determined that 67% of such departments require a police officers to have a high school diploma or equivalent; 6% require a high school diploma plus 12 hours college credit; 4% require between 30-40 hours of college credit, 19% require an Associateââ¬â¢s degree or 60 hours of college credit, with 4% requiring a four-year degree. Again after searching agency websites regarding career opportunities, the percentages were similar upon reviewing the largest 100 departments by number of sworn officers: 68% required a high school diploma or equivalent; 4% required a high school diploma or equivalent plus 12 hours of college credit; 4% required between 30-54 hours of college credits; 21% required an Associateââ¬â¢s degree of 60 hours of college credit, and 3% of the 100 largest police departments (by number of sworn officers) currently require a four-year degree. Once again, even the few that require the degree; the majority will waive the requirement, with certain stipulationââ¬âwhich will be discussed. To estimate whether or not the one-percent of police departments with degree requirements were actually large or small departments necessitated reviewing the LEMAS report (2003), concluding that Seventy-four percent (74%) of all local police departments served fewer than 10,000 residents, these agencies employed just 14% of all offices. About half of all officers served a jurisdiction with 100,000 or more residents. While departments serving the largest cities had thousands of officers on average, those serving fewer than 2,500 residents have an average of just four full-time employees, including three sworn officers. The Arguments: Pros and Cons of the College-Educated Police Officer The idea surrounding the purpose of college-educated officers has stemmed from two sources: the alleged importance of professionalism for the police force and to change officer attitudes (Shernock, 1992). Friedmann (2006) made an excellent point, When police officers try to do their job today without a degree, their already difficult task is made more difficult. However, chiefs who mandate the degree requirement should be aware that the transition periodââ¬âwhere the police department does not already have a clear majority of officers with degreesââ¬âcould be difficult. Police officers sometimes resist higher education requirements. Despite this resistance, police officers need higher education for the good of the professionâ⬠(p. 23). Chief of Police Hawkins (2006) reiterated his departmentââ¬â¢s four-year requirement in Burnsville, MN. , Burnsvilleââ¬â¢s four-year degree requirement helps recruit big-picture thinkers who are creative, culturally aware, and technically sound in constitutional law, and who look for the best solution to the multitudes of challenges they encounter. An officerââ¬â¢s well-rounded background enhances his or her ability and desire to partner with community members, use the vast resources both the residents and business owners possess, and make them part of the problem-solving process. The synergy created between the community and the officers is the basis foundation of Burnsvilleââ¬â¢s community policing efforts. Friedman, 2006, p. 28). As the debate over the need for an educated police officers has demonstrated contradictory evidence concerning college educated police officersââ¬âmeaning that although many studies are supportive that officers need a college education, there is also conflicting evidence. Baro and Burlingame (1999) disputed recommendations that officers need a ba ccalaureate degree to increase levels of police professionalism, stating that officers need no more than a high school diploma or equivalency. Sherman and McLeod (1979) speculated that higher education for officers may be irrelevant because the education officers receive in higher educational institutions is quite similar to training officers receive in police academies. Critics of higher educations believe the ââ¬Å"college-educated officers are more likely to become frustrated with their work, with restrictions imposed by supervisors, and with limited opportunities for advancementâ⬠(Worden, 1990, p. 567). Hudzick (1978) found that officers with an education place less value on obedience to supervisors and are less satisfied with their careers. Other are concerned that ââ¬Å"college-educated officers will quickly tire of the irregular hours, constant pressures, and relative low pay of policingâ⬠(Varricchio, 1988, p. 11). Whetstone (2000) acknowledged that, ââ¬Å"hiring candidates with improved credentials also invites eventual problems such as greater job dissatisfaction and personnel turnoverâ⬠(p. 247). Kakar (1998) further demonstrated that a college education might decrease officerââ¬â¢s quality of service because police work does not offer opportunities to stimulate the college-educated mind. Furthermore, because police performance measures differ in studies, no real consensus exists on exactly how police performance should be defined and measured. Carter and Sapp (1990) indicated that regardless of degree requirements, 23% of police officers had obtained a four-year degree and 65% of police officers had at least one year of college. Peterson (2001) gave somewhat higher estimates, in that 30% of police officers sampled from ten medium-sized departments in the Midwest had four-year degrees. Mayo (2006) estimates between 25-30% of police officers have a four-year degree, which realistically nearly mirrors the percentage of U. S. population over age 25 who have obtained a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree. According to the US Census Bureau (2005) 28% of the US population over the age of 25 has obtained a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree, which is an all-time high. Common sense dictates that those percentages of police officers with four-year degrees are representative of the education levels of the communities they serve, if we utilize such figures and that line of reasoning. However, the small number of departments requiring degrees necessitates attention to raise awareness to the fact that less than 100 police departments, including special jurisdiction police, state police, county and local police departments mandate degrees, and whether this will change in the future. Little information exists regarding the 1% of police departments that require the four-year degree. Mayo (2006) revealed several case studies of departments with four-year degrees regarding the question of the degree and its importance to the sitesââ¬â¢ organizational success in the communities they serve. One of the departments that was highlighted, the Dover Police Department in N. J. , which is now the Toms River Police Department, has changed its language to relax its mandatory four-year requirement, the current ordinance: requires candidates to possess a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree from an accredited college or university or, the candidate must possess a minimum of 64 college credits combined with two (2) full years of military experience or full time work experience (http://www. rpolice. org/Recruitment. html). Other than a list of departments that require four-year degrees recently made available on-line by the Police Association for College Education, no other list is available to reveal the one-percent of police agencies that require the four-year degree. Unfortunately, many of the departments listed on that site that have a four-year degree requirement no longer have the requirement, but have relaxed it or waived it all together. After contacting all of the departments by email or phone, the following departments on PACEââ¬â¢s list no longer require a four-year degree: Vallejo, CA. ; Boulder, CO. ; Peach Tree, GA. ; Holden, MA. ; St. Cloud, MN. ; Eagan City, MN. ; Borough of Gettysburg, PA. ; Edinboro, PA. ; Appleton, WI. ; Flint, MI. ; Milford, MI. ; Montvale, NJ. ; University Park, TX; Whitefish Bay, WI; and Upper Moreland, NJ. The Chief of Police, Thomas Nestle, III. , of Upper Moreland, NJ, responded via email that Upper Moreland only requires 60 hours of college credit. Nestel (2009) offered his opinion, via email, as to why the degree requirements was relaxed at his department, The applicant pool that is suited for this position frequently does not possess the educational pedigree you describe (a four-year degree). Law enforcement tends to draw military veterans and sons/daughters of existing officers. Neither group has a high rate of college graduates. Recruiting on college campuses has proven to be very unsuccessful. Policing doesnââ¬â¢t seem to be an appealing direction for the college graduate. In recent years, other departments (Memphis, TN, Plano, TX, Portland, OR) once known to have had a four-year degree requirement, further made national headlines regarding the choice to relax their respective educational requirement. Interestingly, many other police departments were found that were not included in the Police Association for College Educationââ¬â¢s (PACE) list regarding police departments that require four-year degrees as of 2006. A massive Internet search was undertaken to locate local police departments that currently require a four-year degree for new patrol officers. Additionally, numerous contacts via telephone to police chiefs and recruits were attempted to uncover additional police departments with four-year degree requirements. However, most of those attempts were unsuccessful for little knowledge exists as to whom the police departments requiring four-year degrees actually were in the U. S. Therefore, it was necessary to rely on departmental websites in attempts to discover who indeed mandated the baccalaureate degree requirement. Problematically, many departmental websites lacked clarity regarding educational requirements. Therefore, if relevant information could not be obtained via websites, many telephone contacts to police departments led to the discovery of 60 local police departments, including local police departments and county sheriff offices that require a four-year degree for police officers. However, there are several special jurisdiction police agencies that also require officers to hold a baccalaureate degree and will not waive educational requirements, including the Missouri Department of Conservation (law enforcement) and the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. However, special jurisdiction police agency degree requirements are not the focus of this analysis. Sixty police agencies (local and county) were unearthed to indeed have the requirementââ¬âIllinois has the greatest number of police departments requiring a four-year degree, with eleven; New Jersey has seven; Ohio has eight; Pennsylvania has six; Michigan has 5; Texas has four; Wisconsin has 4; Colorado has 3; South Carolina has 2; Florida has 2; Minnesota has 2; Oregon, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, and Missouri each have one local police department that has a four-year degree requirement. Special jurisdiction police agencies aside, caution however, that of those 60 police departments, only 37 will not waive or relax their educational requirements for any exception. Therefore, there are 37 local police departments that will not waive their educational requirements on any grounds. Table 1 contains the 37 local departments that will not waive educational requirements. Population size, gathered from Sperlingââ¬â¢s Best Places (www. bestplaces. net) follow to demonstrate the size of each city in which the respective department is located. Regarding county police departments, population size was not included. Table 1 Note: N=37. This may not be the complete list. However, no other such list is available. Simple computations reveal the Mean for the population size of local police departments with mandatory degree requirements is (X=61,911), with the Median (MD=31,891). Due to the reality that there are so few local police departments mandating degrees, it is relevant to include examples of specific educational requirements for such departments regarding their policy regarding mandatory four-year degree education requirements in Table 2. Local Police Departments Requiring Four-Year Degrees, No Exceptions Police DepartmentLocationPopulation Size Arvada Police DepartmentCO104,838 Arlington Police DepartmentTX367,197 Bethel Park Police Department PA 31,891 Bloomfield Township Police Department MI 65,796 Canfield Police Department OH 7,061 Centerville Police Department OH 23,046 Cleveland Heights Police Department OH 47,097 Deer Park Police Department TX 29,748 Burnsville Police Department MN 59,321 Eatontown Police Department NJ 14,022 Elgin Police Department IL 98,846 Gaston County Police Department NC Flint Township Police Department MI 32,753 Green Tree Borough Police Department PA 4,396 Lakewood Police DepartmentCO140,024 Leonia Police DepartmentNJ 8,799 Mahwah Police DepartmentNJ 24,560 Middleburg Heights Police DepartmentOH 15,237 Mt. Lebanon Police DepartmentPA 5,481 Multnomah County Sheriffââ¬â¢s DepartmentOR Naperville Police DepartmentIL140,633 Norton Shores Police DepartmentMI 23,429 Novi Police DepartmentMI 52,621 Owasso Police DepartmentMI 15,388 Palatine Police DepartmentIL 66,596 Platteville Police DepartmentWI 9,748 Pueblo Police DepartmentCO103,730 Peters Township Police DepartmentPA 4,683 Richmond Heights Police DepartmentMO 9,228 Schaumburg Police DepartmentIL 73,890 Smithfield Police DepartmentRI 21,863 South Park Township Police DepartmentPA 14,647 Strongsville Police DepartmentOH 43,347 Sugar Land Police DepartmentTX 79,943 Tulsa Police DepartmentOK385,486 Wheaton Police Department IL 54,611 Wilmette Police Department IL 26,737 Table 2 Examples of Educational Specification Per Department That Have Mandatory Four-year Degree Requirements PoliceEducational Requirement Specification Department Arvada PDââ¬Å"Bachelorââ¬â¢s degree from an accredited college or university (final semester seniors are eligible). This requirement will not be waived for any reasonâ⬠(http://arvadapd. org/join-our-team/requirements/. html). Arlington PDââ¬Å"Possess a Bachelorââ¬â¢s degree from an accredited college or university. Education is not waived for prior military service or prior experienceâ⬠http://www. rlingtonpd. org/index. asp? nextpg=recruiting/require. asp). Centerville PDââ¬Å"Bachelorââ¬â¢s Degree Requiredâ⬠(http://ci. centerville. oh. us/index. php? option=com). Deer Park PDââ¬Å"Bachelorââ¬â¢s degree by hire dateâ⬠(http://www. ci. deer-park. tx. us/department/index. php? fDD=15-0 Eatontown PDââ¬Å"Effective September 1, 2008, applicant mus t have a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree, signifying completion of the undergraduate curriculum and graduation from an accredited college or universityâ⬠(http://www. nj. com/police/careers. html). Lakewood PDââ¬Å"Bachelorââ¬â¢s degree in any disciplineââ¬âno exceptionsâ⬠(http://www. ci. lakewood. co. us/index. cfmp). Tulsa PDââ¬Å"Applicants must have completed a Bachelorââ¬â¢s degree with a C+ average or better at an accredited college. No military hours or credits are acceptable unless they are received from or converted through an accredited collegeâ⬠(http:/www. tulsapd. ord/recruiting/requirements. htm Note. This is not an exhaustive list. Examples of Specific Educational Requirements Per Departments Regarding Mandatory Four-Year Degree Education Requirement, With Waiver Exceptions As stated previously, only 37 local police departments require a four-year degree with no exceptions allowed. However, 23 other local police departments require a four-year degree, but will waive the requirements with certain exceptions, as do the Illinois State Police and the New Jersey State Police. Therefore, those 23 departments with similar wording or language embedded in their respective specific job requirements or career opportunities containing ââ¬Ërequire a four-year degree, but will relax requirements,ââ¬â¢ will be included in departments that require four-year degrees. The Toms River Police Department provides a good example of ââ¬Ëwaiver exceptions,ââ¬â¢ The current ordinance requires candidates to possess a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree from an accredited college or university or the candidate must possess a minimum of 64 college credits combined with two (2) full years of military experience or full-time regular police experienceâ⬠(http://www. trpolice. org/Recruitment. html). Other specific examples of police department requirements with waivers include: Charleston Police Department, Bachelorââ¬â¢s degree and above or Associate degree with four years of prior law enforcement experience or military experienceâ⬠(http:www. charlestoncity. info/dept/content. aspx? nid=817cid=9931). Coral Springs Police Departmentââ¬â¢s requirements are similar, ââ¬Å"Applicant must possess: A Bachelorââ¬â¢s degree from an accredited college or (4) years law enforcement experience and at least 60 credits from an accredited college, or (4) year s military experience and at least 60 credits from an accredited collegeâ⬠(http://www. theblueline. com/feature/Flcoralsprings. html). Other examples include: 1. Highland Park Police Department ââ¬Å"Bachelorââ¬â¢s degree from an accredited college or universityââ¬âconsideration may be given for applicants who possess at least 60 credit hoursâ⬠(http://www. hptxorg/index. aspx? page=233). 2. Jacksonville Sheriffââ¬â¢s Office ââ¬Å"Must possess a Bachelorââ¬â¢s degree from an accredited college or possess an accredited Associateââ¬â¢s degree or equivalent (60 semester hours/90 quarter hours) with four (4) years prior active military or law enforcement experience or possess 90 semester/135 quarter hours with two (2) years prior active military or law enforcement experienceâ⬠http:www. coj. net/Departments/Sheriffs+Office/About+ the+JSO/default. htm). 3. Livonia Police Department ââ¬Å"Have been awarded an Associate Degree in Law Enforcement or Public Administration or a Bachelor Degree in any non-Criminal Justice disciplineâ⬠(http://www. ci. livonia. mi. us/default. asp? area2=departments%2Fcivil+service) 4. O sh Kosh Police Department ââ¬Å"Associate degreeââ¬âIn Criminal Justice/Police Science; Bachelor degreeââ¬âin any fieldâ⬠(https://wilenet. org/html/employment/showopportunities. jsp). 5. Tinley Park Police Department All applicants must have completed 2 years satisfactory experience as a certified sworn law enforcement officer in the state of Illinois or posses an Associates Degree with at least a C average (or its equivalent) with an emphasis in criminal justice, or possess 60 college credit hours with at least a C average (or its equivalent) with an emphasis in criminal justice, or possess a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree from a four year college or universityâ⬠(http:www. tinleyparkpolice. org/police. html). Haddon Township Police department is another that was included in the list of police departments that require a four-year degree, however, their exception has somewhat different specifications: ââ¬Å"Applicants must make a pre-employment agreement to achieve a Baccalaureate Degree within eight years from the time of employment. â⬠(http://www. haddontwppolice. com/). Table 3 includes Police Departments that require four-year degrees, with exceptions or waiver conditions. Table 3 Police Departments that Have Four-Year Degree Requirements, With Exceptions PoliceLocation Departments Bath Police Department OH Bainbridge Township Police Department OH Charleston Police Department SC Cherry Hill Police Department NJ Coral Springs Police Department FL Haddon Township Police Department NJ Highland Park Police Department TX Hinsdale Police Department IL Jacksonville Sheriffââ¬â¢s Office FL Langlade County Sheriffââ¬â¢s Department WI Livonia Police Department MI Kettering Police Department OH Montgomery Township Police Department NJ Osh Kosh Police Department WI Plano Police Department TX Richland County Sheriffââ¬â¢s Office SC River Forest Police Department IL Shaler Police Department PA St. Paul Police Department MN Tinley Park Police Department IL Toms River Police Department NJ (Formerly Dover PD) Vernon Hills Police Department IL Willowbrook Police Department IL Note. N=23. Methodology Regarding the 1% of local police departments that require a four-year degree at the time of hire, it was noted previously that little information exists about the location of such departments. Intensive Internet searches, email and telephone contacts with multitudes of police recruiters and chiefs yielded 60 departments with four-year degree requirements, although only 37 of such departments had mandatory educational requirements resulting in no educational waivers. As it was unclear which department had mandatory requirements at the outset, 45 questionnaires were mailed to police chiefs at departments, which were believed to have mandatory requirements. Of those 45 questionnaires mailed, 40 were completed and returnedââ¬âwhich was an excellent overall response rate of nearly 89%. Four of those surveys revealed that the departments surveyed did not require the four-year degree requirement; therefore, the results were not utilized. Thirty-six (36) returned questionnaires remained, revealing both important and relevant information about departments with mandatory requirements and were the subjects for this study. Thirty-seven (37) departments overall were found with mandatory requirements. Items on the questionnaires pertained to a wide range of subjects including the year in which such departments implemented their degree requirement; number of sworn officers; the chiefââ¬â¢s education level; mean starting salaries for police officers; whether or not police chiefs had a preference in degree discipline; whether the chiefs preferred their officers had degrees that were vocational or theoretical in nature; whether chiefs preferred bachelor or arts degrees over bachelor of science degree; if officers who were hired before the degree requirement was established were required to complete respective degrees; whether they believed the degree requirement would be altered in the future; if applicant pool had increased, decreased or remained the same since the establishment of the degree requirement; the requirementââ¬â¢s impact on minority recruiting, and whether police chiefs believed officers with a college degree perform better than officers without a college degree. Additionally, two questions qualitatively regarding why police chiefs believed their respective departments had the mandatory requirement and why police chiefs believe only 1% of other departments have followed suit in mandating the requirement. Although glaring limitations to this analysis stem from the fact the little information exists regarding the reality of those one-percent of police departments that mandate a four-year degree, this is an exploratory step enabling further exploration into this important issue. Ultimately, the future professionalism of the policing field does hinge on raising degree requirements across police departments in America. Although only 36 police chiefs were surveyed, their information speaks volumes as to the need for other departments to follow their lead. As one chief eloquently stated: It is evident that society has become more complex. Problem solving skills along with communication skills are even more important today for police officers. A college education gives a foundation and more importantly legitimizes police work as a profession The instrument utilized has not proven reliable. However, this began a process of raising issues regarding the importance and the future of the college-degreed officer. At the outset, many officers are obtaining four-year degrees regardless of whether the degree is required or not. Results Information regarding the analysis of data is organized according to the research questions. For each question, the results are followed by an explanation and discussion of the findings. Only descriptive statistics were utilized, as there was no need for making inferences in this analysis. Eleven research questions were addressed in attempts to determine how departments that require four-year degrees are different from departments that have the requirement, and will waive it, or do not have such requirements. Descriptive data from the surveys revealed that the first department implemented their mandatory degree requirement in 1963. One chief responded, Our degree requirement was implemented in 1990. We changed the entry-level minimum educational requirement from a high chool diploma to a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree over the course of seven years. Research indicates police agencies should require a four-year degree. Table 4 describes the year departments implemented their mandatory degree requirement, with a range from 1963-2008. Table 4 Frequencies and Percentages for the Year Degree Requirements were Implemented Year Degree Requirement Implemented f% 1963 12. 8 1969 38. 3 1975 25. 6 1976 12. 8 1981 12. 8 1984 12. 8 1986 38. 3 1987 12. 8 1990 4 11. 1 1991 12. 8 1992 1 2. 8 1993 12. 8 994 12. 8 1995 12. 8 1996 12. 8 1997 25. 6 1998 38. 3 2000 12. 8 2005 12. 8 2006 1 2. 8 2008 12. 8 Note. N=36 It was apparent from the literature that only three of the largest police departments (by sworn officer) required a four-year degree. Tulsa Police Department is the largest department in this study, with 844 sworn officers. However, Tulsa is not the norm regarding departments with degree requirements and number of sworn officers, as results will show that most police departments with degree requirements have less than 100 sworn officers. However, of the 36 respondents in this particular study, the range of number of sworn officers was 15 at the smallest department to 844 sworn officers at the largest department included. The mean number of sworn officers was 127. 20 (SD=171. 46, MD=70). Table 5 illustrates the frequencies and percentages of sworn officers in departments with mandatory degree requirements, demonstrating that most of the departments with the requirement have fewer than 100 sworn officers; 16 departments have fewer than 50 sworn officers. Table 5 Frequencies and Percentages of Number of Sworn Officers in Departments with Mandatory Degree Requirements Number of Sworn Officers f % 1512. 8 2025. 6 2112. 8 212. 8 2512. 8 2712. 8 2912. 8 3112. 8 3412. 8 3725. 6 4012. 8 4312. 8 4612. 8 4812. 8 5412. 8 7025. 6 7212. 8 7412. 8 7512. 8 9812. 8 10312. 8 11225. 6 13712. 8 16012. 8 16512. 8 18912. 8 20012. 8 20512. 8 28212. 8 34012. 8 61512. 8 84412. 8 Note. N=36. Regarding the police chiefââ¬â¢s level of educat ion, Table 6 contains the frequencies and percentages associated with levels of education broken down into five categories: Associateââ¬â¢s Degree, Bachelorââ¬â¢s Degree; One Masterââ¬â¢s Degree; Multiple (2) Masterââ¬â¢s Degreeââ¬â¢s, and Doctorate Degree. One of the departments where the chief had an Associates degree, the mandatory requirement was implemented in 1981. Furthermore, in all 36 departments surveyed, no officer was on the force without a degree before the educational mandate has implemented was required to obtain a four-year degree. In essence, the grandfather clause was utilized. The same was true with the chiefââ¬â¢s who did not meet the degree requirement, as they were not required to meet new degree requirements. Table 6 Police Chiefââ¬â¢s Level of Education in Departments with Mandatory Four-Year Degree Requirements Degree Type Earnedf% Associateââ¬â¢s Degree25. 6 Bachelorââ¬â¢s Degree 10 27. 8 One Masterââ¬â¢s Degree 22 61. 1 Two Masterââ¬â¢s Degrees12. 8 Doctorate Degree12. 8 Note. N=36 Regarding the mean starting salaries for the departments that require a four-year degree, the mean starting salaries for police officers in police departments with four-year degree requirements are higher than salaries for police officers in departments without four-year degree requirements. City data was additionally gathered (www. bestplaces. net) regarding median household income for the 37 original locations of departments with mandatory degree requirements. The median household income for city residents pertaining to this sample was $61,330. According to the U. S. Census Bureau (2008) the median household income reached $50,233 in 2007. Therefore, it was likely that mean starting salaries for police officers in these locations would also be higher. According to one police chief surveyed: Itââ¬â¢s all about tradition, size of city and location. The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics On-line (2006) states that the mean starting salary for police officers ranging from populations from 10,000 to over 1,000,000 was $38,569. As shown in Table 7, the mean starting salaries for police officers in police departments with mandatory four-year degree requirements was quite higher. A striking example of this is illustrated in one chiefââ¬â¢s words, Thirty-nine percent of our residents over the age of 25 have an advanced collegiate degree. Our population is 27,000. Our residents are university professors, attorneys, medical doctors, CEOââ¬â¢s. Our village is considered upper class economically and home values are quite high. Many well-known people live here. Our police officers are comfortable inter-acting in our residentsââ¬â¢ homes, even on the most sensitive matters. We donââ¬â¢t feel inferior. We belong here. Our residents value us. The four-year degree requirement helps us significantly in recruiting. We provide an average of more than 100 hours of training annually to our officers. Our ââ¬Ëbrandââ¬â¢ is that we are the ââ¬Ëeducation and trainingââ¬â¢ department. This has been very effective for us. Table 7 Means and Other Statistics Concerning Salaries for Police Officers in Departments With Mandatory Four-Year Degree Requirements Starting Salary Mean $47,222 Median $46,786 Mode $40,000 SD $6,024 Minimum $34,901 Maximum $58,931 Note. N=36. Only two of the departments surveyed required that officer possess a four-year degree in Criminal Justice or Law Enforcement. It is common that police departments requiring Associateââ¬â¢s degrees are specifically looking for their police candidates to have an Associateââ¬â¢s degree in Criminal Justice or a closely related field. However, upon surveying police chiefs in departments with mandatory four-year degree requirements, only seven or 19. 4% preferred criminal justice or closely related degrees. Seventy-five ercent (75%) of police chiefs in this study believed that a four-year degree in any discipline was acceptable. Two police chiefs in this sample were uncertain as to whether they preferred a criminal justice degree to a degree in any o ther discipline. When asked whether the police chiefs preferred a practical/vocational degree or a degree that was theoretical/academic in nature, or if they had no preference, the majority (63. 9%) of chiefs had no preferenceââ¬âeither orientation was acceptable, stating that was precisely the four-year degree in itself that mattered. Table 8 illustrates the frequencies and percentages of practical versus theoretical orientations. Table 8 Frequencies and Percentages of Degree Orientation Preference: Practical v. Theoretical Degree Orientation Preferencef% Prefer practical/vocational orientation822. 2 Prefer theoretical/academic orientation411. 1 No preference, either acceptable 2363. 9 Uncertain 1 2. 8 Note. N=36. The results of this study lend little support either way to Bostromââ¬â¢s (2005) finding. Although several police chiefs could break down the percentage of their officers who had a Bachelor of Arts degree or Bachelor of Science degree, only one respondent believed that officers with a Bachelor of Science perform better than officers with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Seventy-five (75%) or 27 police chiefs believed there is no difference in work habits or performance regarding whether an officer has a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree. The remaining respondents (25%) were uncertain as to whether there was a true difference among the types of degree. Whatever the case, a common theme emerged, We believe the quality of our officers and the services provided are enhanced by a better-educated workforce. Policing is an extremely complex profession, requiring individuals who can apply abstract concepts within difficult situations. We can also assign more complex duties to our officers. Table 9 reviews the police chiefââ¬â¢s opinions regarding the future of the degree requirement, and whether they believed it would be altered in the future. It was clearly apparent that in these departments, the degree requirement is a fixed quality. Table 9 Chiefsââ¬â¢ Opinions Regarding the Future of Their Degree Requirement Future Expectations f% Expect to retain requirement Indefinitely3391. 7 Expect requirement to be altered In future 2 5. 6 Uncertain 1 2. 8 Note. N=36. We hope to keep our degree requirement forever. With the high percentage of college graduates in todayââ¬â¢s society, I donââ¬â¢t believe this requirement is unreasonable. Itââ¬â¢s our goal to continue to pursue the ââ¬Ëmost qualifiedââ¬â¢ applicants for our police department. Many police departments are hesitant to adopt a mandatory educational requirement due to fears that applicant pools will dwindle if requirement is enforced. According to this sample, nearly 64% of police chiefs reported that their respective applicant pools have indeed decreased due to their educational mandate. However, others felt different. The four-year degree requirement has served us well. We typically receive about 70 applicants for every 1-3 openings we try to fill. All of which have the four-year degree and either enrollment or completion of the police academy. Another responded in a way to overcome the issue of lower applicant pools, cautioning a reason why this will not happen at large, Yes, the requirement decreases this applicant pool. In my opinion, for a department to have an educational requirement such as ours, a strong recruitment effort is necessary. We recruit over 15 northern Ohio colleges that have law enforcement majors programs to get an adequate number of participants to take our civil service tests. That is an expensive endeavor, one that most cities wonââ¬â¢t make. â⬠Table 10 reviews police chiefââ¬â¢s opinions regarding application pools and their particular educational requirement. Table 10 Stability of Application Pools in Police Departments with Mandatory Four-Year Degree Requirement Level of Police Applicants f% Application pool has increased With degree requirement25. 6 Application pool has decreased With degree requirement 23 63. 9 Application pool has stayed the same 10 27. 8 Uncertain 12. 8 Note. N=36. One of the predominant reasons offered as to why more police departments do not have a mandatory degree requirement is that enforcing such a mandate would have a negative impact on recruiting. One chief replied, itââ¬â¢s ââ¬Ëpolitically correctââ¬â¢ to lower education standards to avoid the wrath of the special interest-minority groups who wish to lower educational standards to increase the minority population in the applicant pool. Table 11 describes frequencies and percentages of police chiefsââ¬â¢ opinions regarding their requirementââ¬â¢s impact on minority recruiting. Interestingly, only 11% of respondents believed the requirement had a positive impact on recruiting minorities. Two interesting responses emerged regarding the process of calming the regarded negative impact on recruiting: If I can keep the requirement a few more years, we will have a majority of officers with degrees and there will be less internal pressure to lower standards. As long as we hire a significant percentage of minorities, there will be less claims of adverse impactââ¬ânine are female, five are Hispanic. We will evolve to the point that candidates for promotion with degrees are more likely to get the appointment. Lack of applicant pool and minorities. While this is true, it can be overcome. We have fewer applicants, but they are higher quality. Our recruitment methods continually change to reach our target audience. We work with many minority groups to reach out to minority populations. One respondent was adamant regarding this issue, The minority community that believes there would be an ââ¬Ëadverse impact. ââ¬â¢ There isnââ¬â¢t. Table 11 Requirements Impact on Recruiting Minorities Level of Impact f % Requirement has had a positive Impact on recruitment of Minorities411. 1 Requirement has had a negative impact on recruitment of minorities1027. 8 Requirement has had no impact on recruitment of minorities1130. 6 Uncertain 1130. 6 Note. N=36. Another important issue addressed concerns that highly relevant debate: Does a college degree make for a better police officer? The answer to that question among the 36 police chiefs was not unanimous, but the majority (80. 6%) indeed believed that officers with a degree perform better. In efforts to once again address this century-old debate, Table 12 describes the realities of police chiefsââ¬â¢ opinions on this theme. Table 12 Do Officers with a College Degree Perform Better? Police Chiefââ¬â¢s Opinions f% Yes, officers with a degree perform better2980. 6 No, officers with a degree do not perform better 411. 1 Uncertain 3 8. 3 Note. N=36. In an attempt to dig deeper into the above issues and subjects, a qualitative approach was utilized to uncover themes predominant to this analysis. Although important descriptive information has been revealed, few attempts have been taken to qualitatively explore the two important issues relevant hereââ¬âopinions of police chiefs from that one-percent of police departments with mandatory degree requirements. Herein, two final questions needed exploration: Why do their departments actually have their mandatory degree requirement and why they believe so few departments actually require the degree? After careful thought and consideration, they shared their opinions and beliefsââ¬âthose of which should be held in high regard, as they are the select few who have shown to be pioneers in their concrete efforts to bring about professionalism to the policing field. Police Chiefââ¬â¢s Explanations as to Why Their Respective Departments Have the Four-Year Degree Requirement Aside from stern recommendations encouraging police administrators and community leaders to adopt educational standards, Our department adopted the requirement based Carter, Sapp and Stephens findings and the recommendations of the 1967 Presidential Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals that said that a four-year degree should be required by all law enforcement by 1981 six themes emerged from analyzing the data regarding why these departments actually have the degree requirement. 1. It is our tradition and part of our institutional, organizational and community culture and we are valued. Itââ¬â¢s our tradition. We are the only agency in the state that still requires a four-year degree. We have always required this and I believe we hire exemplary people with more maturity and a strong sense of direction than those without the degree. Itââ¬â¢s really a huge part of our culture. We hope to keep our four-year educational degree requirement forever. With the high percentage of college graduates in todayââ¬â¢s society, I donââ¬â¢t believe this requirement is unreasonable. Itââ¬â¢s our goal to continue to pursue the ââ¬Ëmost qualifiedââ¬â¢ applicants for our department One of the best things I did 17 years ago was to convince the governing body to pass the four-year degree requirement. Since then the department has hired 140 of our 160 officers (bright, educated and professional). After becoming Chief in 1992, I felt strongly that this would have a very positive impact on the department and it has. Very well-respected, very few discipline problems or concerns. 2. The degree carries with it a level of expertise, knowledge and perseverance that represent us in our communities well. The requirement for a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree generally assures that an applicant can read and write; has been exposed to complex written materials requiring some level of analysis; has developed some level of critical thinking and communication skills, and has achieved at least some measurable relatively long-term goal in their lifetime. A bachelorââ¬â¢s degree limits the number of applicants who, most probably, would not be selected anyway. It also increases the quality of the applicant pool (education-level wise), which makes for a better police officer and increases the minimum age of the applicants, making them more experienced in life. It also shows that you have people at the very least, had the ââ¬Ëstick-to-it-ivnessââ¬â¢ to persevere through four years of college. It also eliminates the need for education reimbursement for officers pursuing bachelorââ¬â¢s degrees. We believe that it provides us with a more mature, well-rounded and worldly candidate who has more experience interacting with many different people from all walks of lifeâ⬠3. Education levels of the police force should mirror the education level of the communities they serve. To reflect the demographics of the community we serve. According to the Census, Wilmette has one of the highest education levels in America. We want to be representative of those we serve in race, gender, education level and foreign language. This is also a successful strategy for maintaining high salaries and benefits. We wanted to ensure our police officersââ¬â¢ education level closely mirrored the education level and demographics of our community. Over 70% of adult residents in our community have a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree. 4. A belief in excellence and qualityââ¬âthe degree makes a difference in performance. The department instituted this educational requirement in 1993 due to the belief that educated officers will be better decision makers and have better communication skills, both in oral and written form Department belief of excellenceââ¬âhigher quality of service to community, being leaders in profession Quality candidate, self-thinking and less supervision. Enhanced knowledge, skills and abilities as well as communications skills (oral and written); critical thinking and analytical skills; broader viewpoints; more tolerant; foundation of criminal justice concepts; self-discipline; and time management. We believe that a better educated work-force is necessary in dealing with the public and are higher educated. We also believe that education enhances communication skills which are necessary in police work. A higher educated person is a more rounded individual, which leads to a better police officer To have a better qualified work force 5. A belief that the mandatory degree promotes professionalism both in their communities and for the entire police field. We believe that this should be the standard if we are to continue to develop and promote a professional police organization Academics have pushed our department to a new level of professionalism and innovation To significantly improve the quality of police services via intelligent, articulate and professional personnel To establish professional standards at entry-level We are located in a city with a university with a strong criminal justice program. We have several members of our police and fire commission who are affiliated with the university. The four-year degree requirement enhances our professionalism. 6. Officers with a college degree are more mature and have stronger goal- reaching abilities. I feel that a person demonstrates his/her desire to be a police officer by completing four year of study in criminal justice. They prove not only a strong desire to become a police officer, but possess the ability to set a goal and achieve it. It also demonstrates that ability to learn. That is why a four-year bachelors degree in criminal justice, criminology or law enforcement exists. It is specific to those who set a goal for law enforcement and achieve it. Increases odds of mature/smart candidate. Maturity, dedication, experience and age of applicants are more suitable for employment. Police Chiefââ¬â¢s Explanations as to Why They Believe So Few Departments in the U. S. Actually Require a Four-Year Degree Only three out of the 36 police chiefs surveyed stated that they were not satisfied with their departmentââ¬â¢s educational policy. However, over 90% were satisfied with their departmental policies requiring college degrees. Aside from the following two realities many police leaders encounterââ¬âone being that the college degree is not mandated as a requirement by most licensing boards, and it may be prevented because of civil service regulationsââ¬âfive themes emerged regarding police chiefs explanations as to why they believe so few departments actually require degrees: 1. Itââ¬â¢s all about money and over-all job satisfaction that one perceives a college-degree should bring. We have issues retaining officers and we frequently lose them to higher paying positions outside the field of policing. University instructors, technical school instructors, social work have all been attractive to our officers. Governments are reluctant to pay the higher wages for an applicant with a degree. Most agencies cannot pay adequate salaries for advanced degrees. Higher degreed people are not satisfied being a police officer. Money. Most departments cannot afford to start our a patrol officer at what a college graduate could make It certainly can hurt the applicant pool, depending on the salary Possibly they believe their pay-rates are not high enough to attract college graduates. Lack of pay for many smaller agencies 2. The degree requirement decreases applicant pools. Although some did not agree, the majority of police chiefs surveyed stated their departmentââ¬â¢s mandatory degree equirement has reduced applicant pools. It reduces the pool of potential applicants at a time when suitable applicants are hard to find. There remains a high percentage of law enforcement executives and government officials who believe a four-year degree is not a necessity in preparing an individual for a law enforce ment career. Because of the difficulty in finding a sufficient number of qualified candidates Reduction in applicant pool is significant 3. The chiefs in this studied strongly valued education, however education overall is under-valued in policing. Most chiefs say they value education, but stop short of making it a requirement. Education is under-valued in policing. The four-year degree requirement make recruiting tougher and it creates challenges for retaining personnel. â⬠I still believe that the majority of police leaders are, as a law-enforcement culture, anti-education for police officers 4. Police leaders who have not attained a college degree may not find one necessary. Therefore, this presents itself as a great challenge, one of increasing overall education standards. Administrators may not believe a college degree is necessary, especially if they have not earned one How to cite 1% of Local Police Departments, Essay examples sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-26390589678882629552019-12-06T11:45:00.001-08:002019-12-06T11:45:04.345-08:00Global Business Operation Case Study of IKEA Question: Discuss about theGlobal Business Operationfor Case Study of IKEA. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of the case study report is to analyse the business operation of an organisation in comparison to home country and Australia. Ikea, the Swedish retail home furniture brand has been selected as the organisation for the case study. It has been the worlds largest furniture retailer since 2008 (Ikea.com 2017). The organisation is well known for its best business practices in its domestic land and the international market as well. The analysis shall be based on the culture and management behaviour, global corporate social responsibility and the multi-national competitive advantage. Analysis of Business Operation: Culture and ManagementBehaviour: IKEAs cultural and management behaviour has always been inclined towards supporting the diverse culture of the work force. The Company does not faces much challenges in its terms of cultural diversity in its homeland but it has indeed faced challenges in terms of managing the staffs from conflicts and diversity (Ikea.com 2017). In order to overcome this distress, it has been found that the Company has taken major steps like training the staffs and setting a standard format in the organisational value that keep up the essential value and avoid any kind misunderstanding. This is eventually done in order to improve the performance of the employees and increase productivity of the organisation (Smh.com.au 2016). In its report, IKEA stated that their organisational policies are framed in a way that inspires people to contribute towards the working of the organisation. They believe that every individual has something valuable to offer that would automatically contribute to the success of the organisational activities. As pointed out by Aves (2017), in the era of globalisation, organisations are bound to face challenges in terms of cultural diversity and it falls on the responsibility of the management of the organisation to set proper guidelines that each individual working for the organisation should receive the respect (Ikea.com 2017). It can be clearly said that IKEA has been inspiring people to show their creativity and innovation and that has continuously developed the productivity of the co-workers (Au.indeed.com 2017). Global CorporateSocialResponsibility: In terms of global responsibility, IKEA has always given priority to sustainability. Their way of working is shaped in a way that does less harm to the environment. IKEA has been doing more than achieving success in market. In Sweden, the organisation has been found to partner with INICEF and donated Euros to save the lives of children (Ikea.com 2017). The organisation has contributed towards improving the situation of children who were the victims of child labour and also contributed towards women empowerment (Willi 2015). IKEA also holds a fundraising program every year to donate money and support Childrens Rights Business Principles developed by UNICEF. If the Social Responsibility as conducted in Australia is considered, it has to be said that IKEA has social initiative programs in Australia that is aimed at improving the lives of children in need through health, education and basic human rights (Ikea.com 2017). The organisation has also partnered with the WWF and has helped improvement in the life of animals. The Company believes that nobody is actually equal till everybody is equal and thus, embraces vision to improve the condition of the co-workers, suppliers, customers and even the local communities (Smh.com.au 2016). In terms of sustainability approach, it has been found that the organisation recycles their products and contributes towards a safer and greener environment. IKEA stores also generate solar power that supports the warehouses across the country. The organisation has certain sustainability goals that are aimed to be achieved by 2020 (Ikea.com 2017). Multi-NationalCompetitive Advantage: IKEAs corporate culture can be considered to provide competitive advantage to the organisation. In Sweden, the organisation gains competitive advantage in terms of the effective employees and labourers working for the organisation (Ikea.com 2017). It is the global giant that has huge numbers of stores compared to its competitors like TESCO, ASDA, Barn Furniture and others. The company makes products of different ranges and offer the same at a lower cost than its competitors. In addition to this, people of Europe are also fascinated towards the innovative products offered by the Company (Ikea.com 2017). This way the company has been enjoying competitive advantage in its domestic land. In Australia, IKEA has been able to broaden its customer base by offering a number of facilities that other organisations do not offer. The furniture retail giant has its online store that makes the shopping experience easier for the consumers. This is one of the competitive advantages that the organisation enjoys in terms of others (Ikea.com 2017). The numerable numbers of stores with great customer servicing has always attracted consumers to purchase product from IKEA and not other domestic brands like Harvey Norman. It has been found that the company has 349 stores operating in more than 43 countries (Willi 2015). IKEA offers before and after sales services to its consumers. Other competitive advantages that it has are the growing demand of the consumers and the innovative products that it has to offer to its customers. Conclusion: A detailed analysis of the corporate working of IKEA has been done here. It has been observed that IKEA has been successful in terms of providing all the necessary amenities and basic rights to its employees. The organisation has the best corporate culture in terms of its competitors. The organisational approaches are similar in this domestic land, Sweden, Europe and that in Australia. In terms of corporate social responsibility as well, the organisation has contributed towards the betterment of the society by supporting the lives of children. The organisation has gained competitive advantage in terms of product differentiation and competitive pricing. The retail giant has something to offer to every consumer. The organisation has been found to prosper in its business field and it is expected that the way the organisation is offering services to its employees and the consumers, it has a great future ahead in terms of its competitors as well. References: Au.indeed.com 2017 IKEA Review Available at: https://au.indeed.com/cmp/Ikea/reviews [Accessed on: 3-5-2017] Aves, J., 2017 IKEA From products to experiences Available at: https://customerthink.com/ikea-from-products-to-experiences/ [Accessed on: 3-5-2017] Ikea.com 2017 Human resource Available at: https://www.ikea.com/ms/en_AU/the_ikea_story/working_at_ikea/work_areas_human_resources.html [Accessed on: 3-5-2017] Ikea.com 2017 IKEA Human Rights Available at: https://www.ikea.com/ms/en_AU/this-is-ikea/people-and-planet/people-and-communities/index.html [Accessed on: 3-5-2017] Ikea.com 2017 People and Planet Available at: https://www.ikea.com/ms/en_AU/this-is-ikea/people-and-planet/index.html [Accessed on: 3-5-2017] Ikea.com 2017 Responsibility beyond home furnishing Available at: https://www.ikea.com/ms/en_SG/the_ikea_story/people_and_the_environment/ [Accessed on: 3-5-2017] Ikea.com 2017 Working at the IKEA group Available at: https://www.ikea.com/ms/en_AU/this-is-ikea/working-at-the-ikea-group/index.html [Accessed on: 3-5-2017] Smh.com.au 2016 IKEA boss happy to take long way to top Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/ikea-boss-happy-to-take-long-way-to-top-20110916-1kdmw.html [Accessed on: 3-5-2017] Willis, R., 2015 Australias latest IKEA store opens flat pack culture up to a whole new audience Available at: https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/home-mag/australias-latest-ikea-store-opens-flatpack-culture-up-to-a-whole-new-audience/news-story/61614fcc8baaae0378696680841ebaf6 [Accessed on: 3-5-2017] sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-11962732044510965352019-11-29T02:33:00.001-08:002019-11-29T02:33:03.894-08:00The Influence of the Global Moment Essay ExampleThe Influence of the Global Moment Essay Western Area History Professor Klaus Dietrich July 15, 2014 The year 1919 has very significant meanings throughout the world history. It is because the World War One which took four years finally ended in November 1918. Germany surrendered to the Allies and a new world order was established under the Treaty of Versailles In 1919. Before the Great War, the almost whole Europe especially the Brittle Empire and France and also the united States and Japan which Is the first Asian nation were obsessed with the imperialism and the colonialism. It is because these countries needed a new land. After the Industrial Revolution, these countries experienced the excessive capital accumulation and the rapid population growth. Therefore, they needed a new market to export their capital surplus and a new territory for their overpopulation. Also, the Social Darwinism and the strengthened nationalism after Italian and German unification In 1861 and 1871 respectively justified their imperialism. Therefore, many Asia and Africa countries were their typical sacrifices. Korea and Poland were also the sacrifices. Both countries were under the control of other countries and Poland was colonized faster than Korea. Poland experienced three partitions in 1772, 1793 and 1795 by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Hapsburg Austria. The occupied Polish society looked different depended on the occupying nation. The area occupied by Russia was the 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863, brutal revenge followed by the Russian government. It tried to erase all traces of former Polish autonomy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of the Global Moment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of the Global Moment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of the Global Moment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For example, it changed the name of the Congress Pollards land into Fistula Land (Kara Individuals) and divided the kingdom into ten provinces. Also it banned the Polish language and Russian became the official language of the country. Only the area controlled by Austria was better than the others. The Austrian government allowed a certain local autonomy so the Poles in this area could have their own local government called Governor Commission (Osmosis Gubernatorial) which had a considerable power and Polish language was also accepted. However, all Poles have the same, single desire to achieve independence and unify the divided countries although they were controlled by different countries. On the other hand, in the late 19th century, the Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Jones dynasty. From 1800 the little children aged around 10 became the king continually and they could not manage the country very well. So internally there were many peasant uprisings continuously. The rebellion of Hong Geeing-Ana in 1811 and the peasant rebellion in Jinni in 1862 were typical examples. Many western countries coerced the Jones Dynasty to open the ports for trade but the Jones government was afraid that their ideology and social order which they had preserved with great effort by their ancestors would be destroyed by strange Westerners. It already had a conflict with the Roman Catholicism. It was introduced in Korea under the name of Western Learning (8%) after the late 18th century and brought shocking ideas such as the human equality and the refusal to carry out ancestral worship to the society. Nobles and the government who were deeply influenced by the Confucianism were hard to accept these ideas so they stuck to isolationism as their only measure to protect the country. In addition, the two Opium Wars between the Great Britain and the King Dynasty made the Someones door closed more tightly. However, this isolationism could not protect them unlike their expectation. It was Just a temporary expedient which made Jones fall behind international developments. As a result, the hermit Jones was unveiled forcibly by Japan and other imperialist countries. Jones was exposed to the world capitalistic market defenseless and eventually it was annexed by Japan in 1910. Toward the end of the World War One in 1918, people were totally exhausted with imperialism and disgusting wars. They wanted peace earnestly and Woodrow Willows Fourteen Points was good enough to satisfy the peoples desire. Wilson was the president of the United States and he presented the fourteen points in the Congress on the 8th of January, 1918 in order to make the fundamental principles for finishing the war and establishing a Justice and lasting peace. There are several reasons to say that Willows fourteen points succeeded in some degree. Firstly, the Fourteen Points helped the Allied Forces to win the World War One. Actually, the fact itself that the United States participated in the World War One was a tremendous assistance to the Allied Forces for sure. In addition, the points Justified and motivated he Allied Forces by censuring the German imperialism and the provocation. I think this Justification might be a mental supporter to help the Allied troops reassured and win. Also, Willows statement might succeed a little bit to persuade the German and the Austrian to cooperate to make the world peace together. Secondly, Willows foundation of the League of Nations. However, frankly speaking, the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations nominally spoke about the peace which was similar to Willows ideology, but both had a lot of weaknesses. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties. It was very important because it would decide the future of Germany after the war. However, the victorious countries were not interested in her future at all. It was not the promise for the peace based on reconciliation but revenge. It was a very harsh and humiliating treaty for Germany. Germany lost all the foreign investment, colonies and vessels but the most brutal article was about reparations. It cost 132 billion Marks which was an exorbitant amount of money. The Germans thought that it was too severe and unfair even though they prepared for humiliation and loss as the people of the defeated country. The peace treaty ironically became a seed of another revenge. Another problem is the League of Nations could not impose tough sanctions because it did not have its own army. So it could only imposed economic sanctions which were not enough to solve international disputes. As a result, the onset of the Second World War proved that the League did not do its role well. Even though both had a lot of weaknesses, at least the Treaty of Versailles contributed to the postwar stability and also the League of Nations had some meanings as the first international peace organization. Lastly, Willows Fourteen Points helped many countries achieve their independence or affected their independence movements a lot. We cannot talk about the Fourteen Points without the self-determination. I think self-determination is the most important vocabulary in his speech because it affected the world the most among the other principles such as open diplomacy and agreements, free trade with the equal terms of trade, reduced armaments and democracy. It had a special meaning because the self-determination in the points was not simply for finishing the war but for eliminating the original reasons of the war. Wilson tried not to simply focus on the balance of the power but to focus on the self-determination which means all countries should have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interferences regardless of their power. He said, It is the principle of Justice to all peoples and nationalities and their right to live on equal terms of liberty and safety with one another, whether they be strong or weak. 2 It gave a huge hope not only to European countries but also to the colonial countries in Asia. In reality, many ethnic minorities dominated by Germany ND Austria established independent nations. To be specific, Poland, Finland, Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), Hungary, Czechoslovakia and many other countries achieved independence. These are the three reasons why Willows Fourteen Points are important and a series of worldwide situations resulted from the points so that is why some people call the global moment of 1919 as the Wilson Moment. Now, let us look more deeply about Poland and Korea situation after the global moment. As I said before, Poland enjoyed the pleasure of independence after 123 years of partitions but it was not all pleasure. Most regions in Poland were destroyed because of the war and they were poor. Also it had a serious regional imbalance problem because three regions were under the control of different countries before unification. They had used different currencies and had different combine all together. The Second Polish Republic was created after the independence and Jà ¶kef Pulaski became the chief of State. It was a parliamentary democracy with the president who had limited powers. The global moment brought independence and democracy to Poland but could not maintain the peace and democracy for a long time because of Pulaski. He wanted to recover the former territory of the kingdom of Poland so he started the Polish-Soviet War in 1919. In addition, other wars with neighboring countries were continued even after independence to decide the borderline. At the end, he seized the power by a military coup in 1926 so democracy ended in short. On the other hand, Korea could not achieve the independence because Korea was the colony of the victorious country, Japan. The Fourteen Points was only for colonies of defeated countries. That is why some people say that Koreans who believed that the Willows speech would bring hem independence were too naive or they did not understand the situation well. However, I think this is not true. Koreans already knew that they could not achieve the independence according to the Willows Fourteen Points, especially the Korean students studying in Tokyo who did 2. 8 Independence Declaration in 1919. However they attempted to extend the range of application to establish a foothold for independence. Willows Fourteen Points failed to give Korea independence directly but it is certain that it gave Korea a huge hope and possibility of independence. This name out as the most famous Korean independence movement, March 1st Movement in 1919 and after this movement, many things changed. Firstly, there was a huge transition of independence method. The independence movement was done by secret associations in sass, so participants were limited. However, after this movement, they began to accept diverse ideologies like democracy and socialism. So many people could participate in the movement and the activities became more various. Secondly, March 1st Movement changed the Japanese governance. Japanese government realized that the Forced Rule in sass was not proper to control the Koreans, so the government changed the rule to Cultural Rule which allowed Koreans to have limited freedom. Lastly, March 1st Movement influenced other countries such as Sandhogs campaigns for independence from the British Empire which is famous for nonviolent disobedience in India and also had effect on the May Fourth Movement in China. I think the global moment still have important meanings in Korean history because of the reasons above. It proved Koreans strength. They continued independence movements rather than giving up, even though their hope was disregarded by Western countries. In conclusion, the global moment influenced lot not only Poland and Korea but also the whole world after the World War One. Peoples fatigue and desire for the peace led to Willows Fourteen Points and his speech opened the global moment. sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-72767668048471250252019-11-25T10:07:00.001-08:002019-11-25T10:07:04.120-08:003 More Sentences with Dangling Modifiers3 More Sentences with Dangling Modifiers 3 More Sentences with Dangling Modifiers 3 More Sentences with Dangling Modifiers By Mark Nichol When writers attach a phrase to the beginning of a sentence to provide additional information, they must take care that the subject of the sentence actually refers to the action or the thing described in that introductory text. Here are some sentences that illustrate the necessity of this vigilance. 1. ââ¬Å"Originally scheduled for retirement (and certain death) in 2003, the hapless racehorseââ¬â¢s trainer now says that after Glorious Springââ¬â¢s last race, the horse will be allowed to retire to a comfy pasture on a farm near her birthplace.â⬠This sentence implies that the hapless racehorseââ¬â¢s trainer was originally scheduled for retirement and death ââ¬â perhaps by execution, because of culpability for the horseââ¬â¢s losing streak? However, it is the horse, not the trainer, whose retirement (and subsequent visit to the slaughterhouse) was averted. The subject of the sentence must be unambiguous: ââ¬Å"The racehorse was originally scheduled for retirement in 2003, but her trainer now says that after Glorious Springââ¬â¢s last race, the horse will be allowed to retire to a comfy pasture on a farm near Glorious Springââ¬â¢s birthplace.â⬠(The horse is named again in this revision because the trainerââ¬â¢s gender is not clear thanks to his ambiguous Japanese name, which is not shown in this excerpt and ââ¬Å"her birthplaceâ⬠might be misconstrued as the trainerââ¬â¢s.) 2. ââ¬Å"Raised in a Lutheran family, two of Paulââ¬â¢s brothers became ministers, and he chose to ââ¬Ëminister through medicine.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ Two of Paulââ¬â¢s brothers were raised in a Lutheran family, but so were Paul and another brother, and the sentence implies that Lutherans raised only those who became ministers (and, perhaps that those two brothers were raised in another household); the influence of that upbringing on him is obscured. The sentence should be revised to explicitly place the emphasis on Paul (and Iââ¬â¢ve clarified the source of the partial quote): ââ¬Å"Paul and his brothers were raised in a Lutheran family, and two of them became ministers, while he chose, as he put it, to ââ¬Ëminister through medicine.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ 3. ââ¬Å"Normally a four-day voyage, the crew only brought four daysââ¬â¢ worth of rations, not anticipating a strong headwind to slow the schooner.â⬠This sentence names the crew as a four-day voyage. To eliminate this unfortunate association, describe the voyageââ¬â¢s customary duration with a simple declarative syntax, then attach the rest of the information: ââ¬Å"The voyage normally took four days, and the crew, not anticipating a strong headwind that slowed the schooner, brought only four daysââ¬â¢ worth of rations.â⬠(Note, too, how the revision moves and parenthesizes the incidental information about the obstructive headwind.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for ââ¬Å"Helpâ⬠What is Dative Case?10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for ââ¬Å"Leaderâ⬠or ââ¬Å"Officialâ⬠sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-50411045488130938132019-11-21T17:31:00.001-08:002019-11-21T17:31:02.798-08:00Analysing strategic position for SMEs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsAnalysing strategic position for SMEs - Essay Example From the Deputy Managing Director of the company Vic Handley, the ground-engineering specialist Van Elle is concentrating on infrastructure and rail as 2015 kicks. Having invested 14.5 million pounds in the past two years in the companyââ¬â¢s rail division and 8.5 million pounds is an indication of company-improved performance (Green, Larsen, and Kao, 2008). The financial director of the business, Paul Pearson the rail sector is a recession-proof due to the budgets of the Network Rail. In addition, he adds that there is much to do in those markets that the company is trying to map their investment to their opportunities and growth. From that, it can clearly be that the company is focusing on planning their investment to their growth and opportunities that are good (March 2009). The company is also moving in a positive direction since regional expansion is on the minds of many SMEs, and Van Elle is the company is looking to expand into new areas. The company is also increasing their operations in the burgeoning area of Scotland due to the established services in Wales and England which is a right direction (Kao, Green, and Larsen, 2009). The PESTLE analysis is a detailed view of the environment a business is in. It can also be to a birdââ¬â¢s eye view where the company or a person tries to ascertain certain trends of the market from a macroeconomic perspective. The factors are a primary determinant of strategic development and define how conducive an environment is within which a business struggles to thrive. Therefore, it is important to construct an environmental analysis for Van Elle. The analysis may help to assess several factors in the macro environment and to identify how future issues might affect the company (Haberberg and Rieple, 2007).The primary questions to be for consideration in the Environmental Analysis include; Entails sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-26939807333682224392019-11-20T15:54:00.001-08:002019-11-20T15:54:07.144-08:00My first car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsMy first car - Essay Example I'll never forget that car. It was what was known as a fixer upper, a car that needed to be restored because the motor barely ran. I chose that model because I wanted to learn all that could about cars and how it was repaired. I had worked summer and after school jobs up until a month before my 16th birthday just so I would be sure to have enough money to buy the car that I wanted without having to ask my parents for any extra money to cover its costs. The month before my birthday, my parents and I made the sacred trek to the local 2nd hand car shop to make my purchase. I decided to purchase a sleek looking 1989 Mitsubishi Lancer, also known as the Cat's Eyes model. Just like with any 2nd hand car, it drove perfectly off the car lot and all the way home where I proudly parked my purchase next to my parent's cars in our driveway. I was on the phone in no time, asking my friends to come over for a joyride with me. As we piled into the car for my first ever excursion without a parent sitting next to me in the car, my dad could not help but holler out his concern for me going out so soon in the car. He was insisting on having his mechanic check out the car before I actually used it because he said I had ââ¬Å"chosen the car like you were buying a candy bar at the store!â⬠. I hate to admit it but my father's advice actually made sense. Maybe it was because the car was overloaded, or because I forgot to check the oil in the motor before we zipped out of the driveway but the car air conditioning broke down and we stalled about an hour and a half away from home. I had to call my dad who sent the auto club over to give us a tow home. Needless to s ay, my dad insisted that the car be towed to his mechanics shop that same day. The verdict from his mechanic was that the car motor was actually in pretty good shape for such an old car. However, the car needed some major parts replacements and, without sugar coating it, the mechanic immediately produced his estimate list that had my jaw drop from the sheer shock of the final cost for the ââ¬Å"restorationâ⬠of parts and systems. The car needed everything from a brand new alternator to a set of window tints. Although I had saved money to purchase the car, I did not have enough set aside for such massive spending on the restoration of the machine itself. That is when my dad's mechanic and I came to an agreement, I could work off the parts that the car needed by helping out at the garage. In the process, he would also teach me all he knew about fixing car models like mine, just in case it came in handy. Who was I to refuse such an offer? And that is how I managed to get my baby, as I addressed my car, all dressed up and spruced up for my use. Needless to say, I became a regular grease monkey because of all the work that my car kept on ending up needing. It seemed like we would fix one part of the car, only to have another part break down a few days later. I think I became an expert on Mitsubishi Lancers because of all the repairs that I had to assist in completing. But I never verbally complained of course. After all, the repairs were only costing me my personal manpower and very little cash. The car served me very well while I was in high school. After we finished the restoration job that it required, the car ran practically repair and problem free for the next few years. However, I believe that the fact that I spent weeks sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-8891328312707734152019-11-18T14:10:00.001-08:002019-11-18T14:10:03.057-08:00Observation of Healthy Adult Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsObservation of Healthy Adult - Essay Example The first thing that I noticed was a portable oxygen vaporize. One recognizes that as people age, some of the capacity to utilize oxygen are minimized; so the older one gets, the greater the issue on oxygen deficiency that emerges. Seniors with serious breathing problems take in less oxygen and therefore have less energy to conduct daily life; as manifested by this elderly man. As one observed, he exhibited feeling tired, anxious, and depressed. However, despite his apparent predicament, I also could not help but noticed his cheerful smile. He was sitting alone when he asked me a question about his mobile phone. It is funny how technological developments through telecommunication gadgets have encompassed a wider range of age groups, including the elderly. As I was observing him, I noticed he could read very small prints from his phone manual even without his glasses; whereas I was almost squinting when I read those texts. When asked how he managed to maintain his good eye sight, he told me that eating the right kind and amount of healthy foods is the secret. I realized that he was right. The elderly should have proper nutrition with diet rich in dark-green vegetables and have adequate sleep to maintain good eyesight. However, I noticed that behind his smile, he was feeling melancholy; especially when he complained about some personnel in Bristal who were apparently mean to him. He mentioned that everybody was ignoring him and nobody was taking care of the wound on his foot. A reflective mood led him to disclose that his life had greatly changed when he became a widower after 40 years of sharing good memories with his wife. The story progressed to mentioning a daughter who is a speech therapist in a nearby school (which he could not remember the name). He was so proud of her and beamed that I look almost exactly like her. He showed me some of his coin tricks and he also pretended to show his hand and pull his thumb apart. He sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-69780863471031282002019-11-16T02:42:00.001-08:002019-11-16T02:42:04.688-08:00Effect of Eccentricity on Nonlinear Galloping of CablesEffect of Eccentricity on Nonlinear Galloping of Cables The Effect of Eccentricity on the Nonlinear Galloping of Cables under Combined Wind Flow and Support motion in 1:1 Internal, External and Parametric Resonance Condition Amir Jalali Saman Sadripour Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. Galloping of cables is a kind of self-excited vibration and characterized with high amplitude and low frequency. In this paper for investigating the nonlinear galloping of an inclined cable, considering flexural and torsional stiffness, a cable-beam model is used. The iced cable is formulated under the effects of combined wind flow and support motion. Assuming low sag to span ratio and using physical parameter values of the cable, the governing equation of motion is obtained as a classical equations of the perfectly flexible cable, plus a further equation governing the twist motion. These two degrees of freedom system is discretized via the Galerkin method, by taking one in-plane and one out-of-plane modes as trial function. Two resulting non-homogeneous ordinary differential equations are coupled and contain quadratic and cubic nonlinearities in both velocity and displacement terms. By using multiple scale method for 1:1 internal resonance and 1:1 external resonance, a first order a mplitude-phase modulation equation, governing the slow dynamic of the cable, is obtained. In this paper the wind speed and the eccentricity of the iced section are set as control parameters. Without consideration the eccentricity, the value of amplitude is increased as the wind speed is increase. But considering the eccentricity reduced to firstly increasing and then decreasing the amplitude. Keywords:Galloping, Stiff Cable, Wind Flow, Eccentricity, Perturbation method Introduction Cables are light and flexible structures which are used commonly in many engineering structures. Because of their low inherent damping, Cables are exposed to wind-induced vibration. Galloping is a classic phenomenon of aerodynamic instability of slender structures having non-circular cross sections [analytical]. A circular cylinder, with perfect symmetry will not exhibit galloping, though galloping is a common occurrence of on ice-laden cables, where the ice introduces the required asymmetry [1]. Galloping is characterized by low frequency and high amplitude vibration and has many roles in the field of cable vibration. The effects of galloping on a transmission line is dependent upon the severity and duration of the galloping event but typical problems are phase to phase flashover causing outages and arcing damage to conductors, loosening of tower bolts and damage to suspension and tension clamps, spacers and vibration dampers and, in some critical cases, structural damage to towers [1]. In order to prevent these damages, it is important to study on this kind of vibration. The initial galloping model was proposed by Irvine [1], this model is based on the low sag to span ratio. The first studies of galloping considered it to be single degree of freedom (mono-modal galloping); Den Hartog [1] and Parkinson [1] introduce a model by consideration the vertical direction for galloping motion. Jones [1] and Luongo [1] proposed a two degree of freedom model by consideration vertical and horizontal motion and the interaction between them. In a major advance in (2010) Blevins [1] and Yu et al. [1] analyzed the effect of rotation on galloping and have found that the rotation plays an important role on the initiation of galloping under certain conditions. After that Yu [1, 2] proposed a three degree of freedom galloping model (vertical, horizontal and rotational) by consideration eccentricity of ice. The 3-DOF models have been used widely in galloping analysis using analytical and finite element methods. All these models consider the cable as a flexible structure a nd cannot consider the bending effects. Luongo [10-12] proposed a new model for considering both bending and rotation. This new model is based on the curved-beam theory and importance of consideration bending effects has been proved in linear [1] and nonlinear regime [1] under internal resonance conditions, devoting attention to the comparison between analytical and numerical approaches [1]. In the present paper, to investigate the effect of eccentricity on the iced cables which exposed to wind flow and support motion simultaneously, a nonlinear curved beam model [1] is introduced. The proposed model in this paper, is a nonlinear model of an inclined cable which able to twist and displacement in three normal, bi-normal and tangential directions. By using strain-displacements relation and based on Hamilton principle equations of motion can be derived. The aerodynamic forces are modeled referring to the quasi-steady theory, and they depend on the mean wind speed and on the angle of attack. Moreover, according to the property of the sample cable and Galerkin method, by considering one in-plane and one out-of-plane modes, a simplified two-degree of-freedom (normal and bi-normal) model with consideration of torsion, bending and eccentricity has been obtained. The two resulting equations are second order, non-homogeneous, time-periodic, ordinary differential equations and coup led with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, both in the displacements and velocities. By using multiple scale method for 1:1 internal resonance between the in-plane and out-of-plane modes, and 1:1 external resonance between forcing and natural frequencies, a first order amplitude-phase modulation equation, governing the slow dynamic of the cable, is obtained. In this paper the wind speed, the eccentricity of the iced section and the amplitude of the support motion are set as control parameters. The paper is organized as follows: In the section 2 the equations of motion are formulated based on Hamiltonian theory. The reduced equations of motion are derived with simplifying assumption in section 3. By defining the non-dimensional parameters, Dimensionless equations are obtained in section 4. In the section 5 aerodynamic forces are formulated based on quasi-steady theory. Discretizing via Galerkin procedure is performed in the next section and the perturbation analysis is carried out in section 7, where the amplitude modulation equations are derived. Finally for a sample system, some conclusions are drawn in section 8. Mechanical model The cable is modeled as a body made of a flexible centerline and rigid cross-sections restrained to remain orthogonal to the axis (shear-undeformable beam). It is assumed to be uniformly iced and loaded by a wind flow of mean velocity , blowing horizontally. For better description of cable-beam model, the choice of coordinates is made as following: directions 1,2 and 3 denote tangential, normal and bi-normal directions of transmission line, respectively. Four different configurations are considered. (a) the configuration, taken by the body at time and the cable is under the action of gravity including ice, in this configuration the cable is in a vertical plane belong to (x,y) plane so the cross-section is in the (y,z) plane. (b) the configuration, in this configuration the eccentricity of cross-section due to ice layer is considered. Because of eccentricity of iced transmission line, the configuration rotates the initial angle from shape . (c) the reference configuration is con sidered by the body at time , it is assumed in which static aerodynamic forces act on transmission line. Due to static aerodynamic forces the cross section rotates the angle from the shape , this configuration is described by planner curve and by the cross-section inertial principal triad assumed to be coincident with the Frenet triad [1]. (d) the actual configuration is considered at time , it is assumed all forces including static and dynamic forces and support motion act on the body, The actual configuration of the body is described by the non-planar curve and the inertial principal triad . Because of the dynamic part of aerodynamic force, the dynamic rotation and transport is described by and the displacement vector field , respectively. (1) (2) According to [2, 3], assuming low sag to span ratio, the Lagrange strain-displacement relationship can be calculated as below: (3) (4) (5) (6) Where is stretching, is torsion, and are bending strains, respectively and are the components of displacement vector in basis . Is the initial curvature of the cable and is the twist of the cross section. All the displacements and twist depends on the curvilinear abscissa and time . Based on [1] the equations of motion were derived via extended Hamilton principle by ignoring the shear resistance of the curved beam. (7) Where ; ; , are the first moment of area about and axes. Is tensional, is the torsional, and are the bending forces all at time . The sign . denotes derivation with respect time ; and represent eccentricity of cross section about the and axes, respectively; is the density of transmission line; is the area of cross section; , , , and are the axial, bending and torsional stiffness, respectively; , and are aerodynamic forces; , , and are structural damping coefficients; denotes the cable length. Represents the horizontal distance between adjacent towers; is sag at the mid-span. Based on [1] by reducing strain-displacement equations (1) (1) to equations (1) (1) and substituting them into equation (1), the equations of motion (1) (1) with boundary condition (1) (1) can be obtained in the four directions. (8) (9) (10) Tangential direction: (11) Normal direction: (12) Bi-normal direction: (13) Torsional direction: (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) Where sign Ãâà ´ denotes differentiation with respect to . Reduced equations of motion Since the transversal-to-longitudinal (or torsional) squared frequency ratio is small, stretching and torsion are quasi-steady, so that inertial and damping forces can be neglected in the relevant equations. By substituting Longitudinal displacements are consequently statically condensed as (1) where the boundary conditions (1) have been used. Furthermore , in equation (1) are assumed as and respectively. Thus equations (1) and (1) can be simplified as: (19) (20) According to the actual transmission line properties, and are very small compared with area of cable cross section , therefore and in equations (1) and (1) can be ignored. Since the equation in twist direction cannot be condensed such a simple way, it is convenient to use twist equation as an ancillary equation in the following. By substituting (1) in equations (1) to (1), the equations of motion can be obtained as equations (1) to (1) by boundary condition (1) to (1). (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) Since the equations of motion (1) to (1) have non-homogenous boundary conditions, by considering transformation (1) the system can be transform into an equivalent system with homogenous boundary condition. (27) In which is quasi-static and is dynamic component of the solution and they can be obtained by solving the linearized, non-homogenous system that is describe planner, linear, static of the cable, when a vertical unitary time-independent motion of the support is applied [1]. (28) (29) The particular solution of equation (1) can be obtained as follow: (30) (31) (32) Dimensionless form of equations By defining non-dimensional parameter (1), dimensionless forms of equations of motion are obtained as follow: (29) (30) (31) (32) In which all * Superscripts have been eliminating in order to simplicity and non-dimensional parameters are introduced as follow: (33) Where the index n used instead of value and . Aerodynamic forces In order to gain a simple aerodynamic model, simplifying assumption should be considered. a) The quasi-steady theory is adopted [1], b) the curvature of cable is neglected, c) the twist angle is accounted in loads but the effect of flexural rotation is neglected, d) the ice is uniformly cover the cable surface and e) the aerodynamic couples are neglected. Based on these assumptions aerodynamic forces and can be obtained. As shown in figure (1) wind blow with speed to cable plane, expression (1) denotes projection of this speed on the plane of cross section. The angle of attack introduced by the angle between direction of the component of wind speed on the cross section and a reference direction (hear the reference direction is adopted axis ), equation (1) and (1) express these concepts. (34) (35) Based on quasi-steady theory the aerodynamic force can be calculated by (36) Where is angle of attack, is the relative velocity between the wind speed and structure speed, is air density, is characteristic radius of section, the modulus of relation speed, and are lift and drag coefficient respectively and theyre dependent on the angle of attack and written as (37) (38) In which is defined as relation (1) and are the aerodynamic coefficients in reference configuration that are obtained by experimental results. (39) By substituting these expression into (1) and projecting this equation on direction and the components of aerodynamic force and can be calculated as follow: (40) For and where is a vector that collecting all the invariable components, , and are the coefficients that depend on the , and their derivati sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8886838472941783316.post-11255670766715582242019-11-13T15:12:00.001-08:002019-11-13T15:12:03.121-08:00Replacement Advertising on the Web - Is it Legally and Ethically EssayReplacement Advertising on the Web - Is it Legally and Ethically Acceptable? Summary ======= This report discusses the legality and ethics of a new piece of software launched in February 2001, which allows ISP's to overlay advertising banners on any web page on the net with adverts sold by, and controlled by them. Investigations led to discussions about Copyright infringement and European Competition Law. Many examples of Case Law were also investigated for their possible links with issues arising from the use of this software. Introduction ============ This report is being written to try to understand the issues raised, both legally and ethically, by the release of a new piece of software (Fotino) onto the Internet market. In an attempt to answer whether this software is an acceptable addition to the world of the web, only replacement advertising as facilitated by Fotino software will be considered. This is due to the fact that since my investigations into this subject began other software packages have come to light, which may be able to perform this function in a slightly different way. The problem posed by this software has required investigations from both a practical and theoretical standpoint, in that in practice the software has not yet been adopted by any of the Internet Service Providers (ISP's) and so cannot be fully investigated along this route, yet from investigation I have been able to see the software in action from it's marketing campaign. From a theoretical point of view I have investigated existing laws and cases that I think may be used in the future, either for or against the use of this software, should any of the legal and ethical issues raised be fought in a court of law. This report is being written for anyone who may have an interest in developing technologies and how they affect both the technological world and society as a whole, ethically and legally. This report will raise issues about the catch-up situation of the legal system and the fast developing world of the internet. Due to the speed at which the world of computers develops I do not feel that this report will provide answers to the problem, but will merely provoke discussion and thought about many issues. The Managing Director of Meltingpoint Technologies - the company who developed the Fotino software, has requested a c... ...opean Community Law. London: Blackstone Press Ltd. pp 250-267. Web Sites --------- Hunt, J, 2001. Guardian Unlimited [online]. UK: Guardian. Available at: URL:http://wwwguardian.co.uk/archive/article/0,4273,4136232,00.html [Accessed 18th February 2001]. Lambert, J, 2001. Electronic Telegraph City News Headlines [online]. UK: Electronic Telegraph. Available at: [Accessed 24th February 2001]. (Author unknown), 1997. Lawtel Case Law [online]. UK: Lawtel. Available at: [Accessed 4th March 2001] (Author and year unknown), Analysis - Agency-client Contracts [online]. UK: Marketing Law. Available at: [Accessed 20th February 2001]. Case Law -------- Cooper v Stephens [1895] 1 Ch 567 Shetland Times Ltd v Dr Jonathan Wills [1997] FSR 604 Sinanide v La Maison Kosmeo [1928] 139 LT 365 Spectravest Inc v Aperknit Ltd [1988] FSR 161 United Brands Co. v Commission (Case 27/76) [1978] ECR 207 Volk v Etablissements Vervaecke Sprl (Case 5/69) [1969] ECR 295 Statutes -------- The Copyright Act 1956 The Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 s 16(1), s 17(2), s 20 European Competition Law Article 85(1) European Competition Law Article 86 sylviamatthews183http://www.blogger.com/profile/03990790494067537262noreply@blogger.com0